Review




Structured Review

Proteintech s1pr2
S1pr2, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 74 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/S1PR2+Antibody/pm41667044-61-7-11
Average 94 stars, based on 74 article reviews
s1pr2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars

Images

Related Articles

Western Blot:

Article Title: Hyperammonemia increases the release of pathological extracellular vesicles from monocytes by impairing lysosomal function and autophagy through the TNFα–cAMP–PKA–LC3 pathway
Article Snippet: .. The hippocampal slices were homogenized and analyzed by Western blot as described above, using the following primary antibodies: GluaA1 (Glutamate A1 Subunit of Ampa Receptors, 1:1,000, Millipore, #04-855), GluA2 (Glutamate A2 Subunit of AMPA Receptors, 1:2,000, Proteintech, #11994-1-AP), IL-1R (Interleukin 1-Beta Receptor, 1:500, Abcam, AB106278 ), NR2A (2A subunit of NMDA receptors, 1:1,000, Millipore, #04-901), NR2B (2B subunit of NMDA receptors, 1:1,000, Millipore, #06-600), TNFR1 (1:1,000, Abcam, #ab19139), TrkB (1:500, Abcam, #ab18987), and S1PR2 (1:1,000, Proteintech, #21180-1-AP). ..

SDS-Gel:

Article Title: The novel sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator KRP-203 prevents myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by preserving mitochondrial function through activation of the RISK and SAFE signaling pathways
Article Snippet: Protein from cells or tissues was extracted using a Membrane and Cytosol Protein Extraction Kit (Beyotime, #P0033), followed by protein quantification using the BCA method. .. The samples were then denatured by heat, loaded onto a 10% SDS gel, separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes, and blocked with 1% BSA solution for 1 h. These membranes were treated with primary antibodies (S1P1/EDG1 (1:1000, Abcam, #ab259902), S1PR2 (1:1000, Proteintech, #21,180–1-AP), S1PR3 (1:1000, Amart, T58480 ), phospho-AKT (Ser473, 1:500, Cell Signaling Technology (CST), #4060T), total AKT (1:1000, CST, #9272T), phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204, 1:500, CST, #4370T), total p44/42 MAPK (1:1000, CST, #4695T), phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9, 1:500, CST, #5558T), total GSK-3β (1:1000, CST, #12456T), and JAK2 (1:1000, CST, #3230T), phospho-JAK2 (Tyr1007/1008, 1:500, Zen-Bio, #R381556) and phospho-STAT3 (Ser727, 1:500, Zen-Bio,#310,019), STAT3 (1:1000, Proteintech, #60,199–1-Ig), caspase-9 (1:1000, Proteintech, #66,169–1-Ig), caspase-3 (1:1000, Abcam, #ab214430), Cytochrome C (1:500, Epizyme Biotech, P010994)) overnight at 4 ̊C, subsequently reacting with horseradish peroxidase-labelled goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG (1:4,000; EarthOx Life Sciences, USA) at room temperature for 30 min. .. Protein signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China)., and gray scale was measured using ImageJ.

Control:

Article Title: Hyperammonemia increases the release of pathological extracellular vesicles from monocytes by impairing lysosomal function and autophagy through the TNFα–cAMP–PKA–LC3 pathway
Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies used were against Alix (1:500, ProteinTech, #12422-1-AP), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 1:1,000, Invitrogen, #OSB00017W), Cathepsin-L (1:200, R&D #AF1515), CCL2 (1:2,000, Proteintech, #66272-1), Flotillin-2 (1:500, Invitrogen, #PA5-17178), IL-1β (1:500, RD Systems, #AF-501-NA), LAMP2 (1:200, Novus Biologicals, #NB300-591), LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, 1:1,000, Novus Biologicals, NB100-2220), S1PR2 (Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Type 2, 1:1,000, Proteintech, #21180-1-AP), TNFα (1:500, RD Systems, #AF-510-NA), TNFR1 (1:1,000, Abcam, #ab19139), TrkB (tyrosine receptor kinase B, 1:500, Abcam, #ab18987), and β-actin (1:5000, Abcam, #ab6276) or GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1:5,000, Millipore, #MAB374) as loading control. .. Secondary antibodies were anti-rabbit, anti-mouse, anti-goat IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (1:4,000, Sigma, #A8025, A3562 and A7650, respectively) or anti-rabbit, anti-mouse, anti-goat IgG conjugated with HRP (1:4,000, Sigma, #A6154, #A4416, # A31460 respectively).

Blocking Assay:

Article Title: Ticagrelor attenuates cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting S1PR2-dependent Akt/ERK signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Article Snippet: S1PR2 activation is a pivotal player in chronic liver disease (CLD) progression through bile acid (BA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling.. This signaling promotes ductular reaction (DR), NLRP3 inflammasomedriven inflammation, and fibrosis progression, making S1PR2 antagonism a promising therapeutic approach.. Using structure-based virtual screening, Ticagrelor (TG) was identified as a potential S1PR2 inhibitor, demonstrating a strong predicted binding affinity (− 10.1 kcal/mol) and stable interactions with key residues Thr 21, Arg 33, Asn 89, and His 271.

Membrane:

Article Title: Ticagrelor attenuates cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting S1PR2-dependent Akt/ERK signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Article Snippet: S1PR2 activation is a pivotal player in chronic liver disease (CLD) progression through bile acid (BA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling.. This signaling promotes ductular reaction (DR), NLRP3 inflammasomedriven inflammation, and fibrosis progression, making S1PR2 antagonism a promising therapeutic approach.. Using structure-based virtual screening, Ticagrelor (TG) was identified as a potential S1PR2 inhibitor, demonstrating a strong predicted binding affinity (− 10.1 kcal/mol) and stable interactions with key residues Thr 21, Arg 33, Asn 89, and His 271.

Incubation:

Article Title: Ticagrelor attenuates cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting S1PR2-dependent Akt/ERK signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Article Snippet: S1PR2 activation is a pivotal player in chronic liver disease (CLD) progression through bile acid (BA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling.. This signaling promotes ductular reaction (DR), NLRP3 inflammasomedriven inflammation, and fibrosis progression, making S1PR2 antagonism a promising therapeutic approach.. Using structure-based virtual screening, Ticagrelor (TG) was identified as a potential S1PR2 inhibitor, demonstrating a strong predicted binding affinity (− 10.1 kcal/mol) and stable interactions with key residues Thr 21, Arg 33, Asn 89, and His 271.



Similar Products

94
MedChemExpress hy 100 675 s1pr2 antagonist
Hy 100 675 S1pr2 Antagonist, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/JTE-013/pm41353884-65-5-20
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
hy 100 675 s1pr2 antagonist - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

93
Santa Cruz Biotechnology s1pr2
GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of <t>S1PR2</t> receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.
S1pr2, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/EDG-5+Antibody/pmc12968304-100-23-26
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
s1pr2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

94
Proteintech s1pr2
GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of <t>S1PR2</t> receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.
S1pr2, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/S1PR2+Antibody/pm41667044-61-7-11
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
s1pr2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

94
Proteintech anti s1pr2
GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of <t>S1PR2</t> receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.
Anti S1pr2, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/S1PR2+Antibody/pmc12836190-15-0-2
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
anti s1pr2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

94
Proteintech cat21180 1 ap
GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of <t>S1PR2</t> receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.
Cat21180 1 Ap, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/S1PR2+Antibody/pmc12836190-15-4-2
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cat21180 1 ap - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

94
MedChemExpress s1pr2 inhibitor jte013 solutions
GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of <t>S1PR2</t> receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.
S1pr2 Inhibitor Jte013 Solutions, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/s1pr2/JTE-013/pm41139041-98-5-9
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
s1pr2 inhibitor jte013 solutions - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

Image Search Results


GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of S1PR2 receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: GCDCA promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through S1PR2/PI3K/AKT-mediated polarization of M2-type macrophages

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1640450

Figure Lengend Snippet: GCDCA induces M2-type polarization in macrophages through activation of S1PR2 receptors. (A) Single-cell sequencing to analyze bile acid receptor expression in M2 macrophages. (B) Activation of the S1PR2 receptor by GCDCA was detected using the Tango GPCR assay (n = 3 in each group). (C, D) TCGA database analysis of S1PR2 correlation with KRT19 , EPCAM , SOX9 , CD68 , MRC1 , CD163 . (E) Representative immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD163, and S1PR2-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3 in each group). (F) Representative immunofluorescence staining of S1PR2 (red) co-localized with CD163- (green) and CD206-(green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: EPCAM (1:100, ab71916; Abcam), KRT19 (1:4000, 10712-1-AP; Proteintech), SOX9 (1:2000, ab185230; Abcam), CD163 (1:4000, ab213612; Abcam), S1PR2 (1:100, sc-365963; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and CD68 (1:3000, ab31630; Abcam).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Single Cell, Sequencing, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Immunofluorescence

Pharmacological inhibition of S1PR2 by JTE-013 reverses GCDCA-induced stemness. (A) Flow chart of animal experiments. (B) Kaplan–Meier plots of DEN-induced primary hepatocellular carcinoma in rats after administration of GCDCA and the receptor inhibitor JTE-013 ( n = 5 in each group). (C) Representative images of liver tumors in different groups of rats (scale bar = 1 cm) and HE-stained images (scale bar = 200 μm). (D, E) Analysis of maximum diameter and number of tumors (n = 4 in each group). (F–H) Serum AST and ALT activities and TBA levels in different groups of rats (n = 4 in each group). (I) Representative immunohistochemical staining of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 200 μm (n = 3 in each group). (J) Representative immunofluorescence staining of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 co-localized positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 50 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: GCDCA promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through S1PR2/PI3K/AKT-mediated polarization of M2-type macrophages

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1640450

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological inhibition of S1PR2 by JTE-013 reverses GCDCA-induced stemness. (A) Flow chart of animal experiments. (B) Kaplan–Meier plots of DEN-induced primary hepatocellular carcinoma in rats after administration of GCDCA and the receptor inhibitor JTE-013 ( n = 5 in each group). (C) Representative images of liver tumors in different groups of rats (scale bar = 1 cm) and HE-stained images (scale bar = 200 μm). (D, E) Analysis of maximum diameter and number of tumors (n = 4 in each group). (F–H) Serum AST and ALT activities and TBA levels in different groups of rats (n = 4 in each group). (I) Representative immunohistochemical staining of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9-positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 200 μm (n = 3 in each group). (J) Representative immunofluorescence staining of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 co-localized positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 50 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: EPCAM (1:100, ab71916; Abcam), KRT19 (1:4000, 10712-1-AP; Proteintech), SOX9 (1:2000, ab185230; Abcam), CD163 (1:4000, ab213612; Abcam), S1PR2 (1:100, sc-365963; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and CD68 (1:3000, ab31630; Abcam).

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunofluorescence

Inhibition of S1PR2 receptor reverses GCDCA-induced polarization of M2 macrophages. (A) Expression of M2 macrophage marker genes Mrc1 , Cd163 , and Arg1 in NR8383 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor (n = 3 in each group). (B) Expression of CD206, CD163, and ARG1 proteins in NR8383 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor. (C) Expression of M2 macrophage marker genes MRC1 , ARG1 , and TGF-β in THP-1 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor (n = 3 in each group). (D) Expression of CD206, CD163, and ARG1 proteins in THP-1 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor. (E) Expression of stemness genes Krt19 , Epcam , and Sox9 in RH35 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced NR8383 cells pretreated with JTE-013 (n = 3 in each group). (F) Expression of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 proteins in RH35 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced NR8383 cells pretreated with JTE-013. (G) Expression of stemness genes KRT19 , EPCAM , and SOX9 in Huh7 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced THP-1 cells pretreated with JTE-013 (n = 3 in each group). (H) Expression of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 proteins in Huh7 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced THP-1 cells pretreated with JTE-013. (I-J) Representative immunofluorescence staining of M2 macrophage markers CD206 (white) and CD163 (white) co-localized with KRT19- (red) and EPCAM- (green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. GAPDH is used as an internal reference. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: GCDCA promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through S1PR2/PI3K/AKT-mediated polarization of M2-type macrophages

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1640450

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of S1PR2 receptor reverses GCDCA-induced polarization of M2 macrophages. (A) Expression of M2 macrophage marker genes Mrc1 , Cd163 , and Arg1 in NR8383 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor (n = 3 in each group). (B) Expression of CD206, CD163, and ARG1 proteins in NR8383 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor. (C) Expression of M2 macrophage marker genes MRC1 , ARG1 , and TGF-β in THP-1 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor (n = 3 in each group). (D) Expression of CD206, CD163, and ARG1 proteins in THP-1 cells after inhibition of the S1PR2 receptor. (E) Expression of stemness genes Krt19 , Epcam , and Sox9 in RH35 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced NR8383 cells pretreated with JTE-013 (n = 3 in each group). (F) Expression of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 proteins in RH35 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced NR8383 cells pretreated with JTE-013. (G) Expression of stemness genes KRT19 , EPCAM , and SOX9 in Huh7 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced THP-1 cells pretreated with JTE-013 (n = 3 in each group). (H) Expression of KRT19, EPCAM, and SOX9 proteins in Huh7 cells after co-culture with GCDCA-induced THP-1 cells pretreated with JTE-013. (I-J) Representative immunofluorescence staining of M2 macrophage markers CD206 (white) and CD163 (white) co-localized with KRT19- (red) and EPCAM- (green) positive cells in the livers of different groups of rats, scale bar = 100 μm. GAPDH is used as an internal reference. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: EPCAM (1:100, ab71916; Abcam), KRT19 (1:4000, 10712-1-AP; Proteintech), SOX9 (1:2000, ab185230; Abcam), CD163 (1:4000, ab213612; Abcam), S1PR2 (1:100, sc-365963; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and CD68 (1:3000, ab31630; Abcam).

Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing, Marker, Co-Culture Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

GCDCA induces macrophage polarization toward M2 via the S1PR2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. (A) Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GCDCA-treated and control groups (n = 3 in each group). (B) Histogram of KEGG enrichment results of DEGs between GCDCA-treated and control groups. (C) Bubble plots of GO enrichment results of DEGs between GCDCA-treated and control groups. (D) Western blotting for p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K, and PI3K protein expression in GCDCA-treated NR8383 cells. (E) Western blotting was used to detect the expression of p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K, PI3K, CD206, and ARG1 proteins after pretreatment with LY294002 inhibitor.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: GCDCA promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through S1PR2/PI3K/AKT-mediated polarization of M2-type macrophages

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1640450

Figure Lengend Snippet: GCDCA induces macrophage polarization toward M2 via the S1PR2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. (A) Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GCDCA-treated and control groups (n = 3 in each group). (B) Histogram of KEGG enrichment results of DEGs between GCDCA-treated and control groups. (C) Bubble plots of GO enrichment results of DEGs between GCDCA-treated and control groups. (D) Western blotting for p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K, and PI3K protein expression in GCDCA-treated NR8383 cells. (E) Western blotting was used to detect the expression of p-AKT, AKT, p-PI3K, PI3K, CD206, and ARG1 proteins after pretreatment with LY294002 inhibitor.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: EPCAM (1:100, ab71916; Abcam), KRT19 (1:4000, 10712-1-AP; Proteintech), SOX9 (1:2000, ab185230; Abcam), CD163 (1:4000, ab213612; Abcam), S1PR2 (1:100, sc-365963; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and CD68 (1:3000, ab31630; Abcam).

Techniques: Control, Western Blot, Expressing