strains atcc 12915  (ATCC)

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Baseline biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens clinical isolates. Biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining followed by the absorbance measurement at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) after 24-hour incubation under static anaerobic conditions (n = 4 replicates per isolate) (A) without glucose supplementation (B) with 1% glucose supplementation. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the isolates. Optical density cut-off (OD C ) was calculated by adding the mean OD 570 value of the medium BYC/ST with 3x Standard Deviation (SD) (0.10). Isolates with OD 570 values less than 2xOD C (0.2) were classified as weak biofilm formers (all isolates inside red-dotted box: M45, M62, M67, M70, M71, M76, M77, CP15, SM101), OD 570 values between 2 - 4xOD C (0.2-0.8) were classified as moderate biofilm formers (all isolates inside black-dotted box: M47, M58, M59, M61, M64, M65, M68, TpeL17, Del1, ATCC), and OD 570 values above 4xOD C (>0.8) were classified as strong biofilm formers (all isolates inside green-dotted box: N79, N80, N82, N83).

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Staining, Incubation, Standard Deviation

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent inhibition of planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens by thymol in the absence of glucose (A and B) and in the presence of 1% glucose (C and D) growth conditions. Planktonic growth of five C. perfringens isolates (Del1, TpeL17, M61, N79, and N82) following 24-hour incubation with thymol treatment (0-1600 µg/mL) in the absence of glucose (A) and in the presence of 1% glucose (C) was measured for absorbance at optical density 590 (OD 590 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Biofilm biomass of the same isolates following 24-hour thymol incubation without glucose supplementation (B) or with 1% glucose supplementation (D) was quantified by 1% crystal violet staining and absorbance measured at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA (Isolate*Thymol concentration) and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the groups.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Inhibition, Incubation, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent inactivation of biofilm viability and biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens by thymol. (A) Resazurin reduction assay showing the effect of thymol inactivation of the matured biofilm after 72-hour culture of C. perfringens isolates: Del1, TpeL17, M45, M61, M62, N79, and N82 biofilm viability. Biofilms were treated with thymol at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 1600 µg/mL for 3 hours, followed by resazurin incubation for 2 hours, and measurement of relative fluorescence unit (RFU) as an indicator of metabolic activity (n = 4 replicates per group). (B) Biofilm biomass of the same 72-hour-cultured isolates following identical thymol treatments for 3 hours, resazurin treatment for 2 hours, and 0.1% crystal violet staining and absorbance measured at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA (Isolate*Thymol concentration) and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the groups.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Incubation, Fluorescence, Activity Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1). Five microliters of overnight cultures were inoculated onto three types of 0.5% soft TSA agar plates: without dimethyl sulfoxide (no DMSO control), containing DMSO (vehicle control), or containing thymol (25 µg/mL dissolved in DMSO). After 48 hours of incubation, colonies were imaged, and bacterial halo areas were calculated to compare motility among treatments (n = 3 per group). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (strain × treatment) with significance set at P < 0.05. No significant interaction between strain and treatment, nor a main effect of treatment, was observed (P > 0.05). Values are pesented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Control, Incubation