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mk212 (MedChemExpress)

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MedChemExpress mk212

DRN glutamatergic 5-HT2C receptor upregulation promotes comorbid pain and anxiety, mimicked by pharmacological agonism or cell-specific overexpression. A Protein levels of 5-HT2C in the DRN. B Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. C Percentage of DRN glutamatergic neurons that express 5-HT2C. D Left: timeline of <t>Saline/MK212</t> (5-HT2C receptor agonist) injection and behavioral tests. Right: representative photomicrographs of needle track. Scale bars: 200 µm. E PWT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F – I OFT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. G Total distance. H Time spent in the OF center. I Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. J – L EPMT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. J Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. K Time spent in the open arms. L Frequency of open arm entries. M Left: timeline of AAV injection, behavioral tests and IF. N Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. O Quantification of fluorescent intensity of co-labeled (c-fos + + vglut2. + ) cells. P PWT 21 days after AAV injection. Q – T OFT 21 days after AAV injection. Q Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. R Total distance. S Time spent in the OF center. T Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. U – W EPMT 21 days after AAV injection. U Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. V Time spent in the open arms. W Frequency of open arm entries. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. 5-HT2C, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 C; CFA, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant; CNO, clozapine N-oxide; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; EPMT, elevated plus maze test; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IF, immunofluorescent staining; Sal, saline; OFT, open field test; PWT, paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Mk212, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 4 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/mk212/pmc12888131-75-2-5?v=MedChemExpress
Average 94 stars, based on 4 article reviews

mk212 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07

94/100 stars

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1) Product Images from "5-HT2C receptors in the glutamatergic neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus orchestrate the comorbidity of pain and anxiety in mice"

Article Title: 5-HT2C receptors in the glutamatergic neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus orchestrate the comorbidity of pain and anxiety in mice

Journal: BMC Medicine

doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-04620-6

Figure Legend Snippet: DRN glutamatergic 5-HT2C receptor upregulation promotes comorbid pain and anxiety, mimicked by pharmacological agonism or cell-specific overexpression. A Protein levels of 5-HT2C in the DRN. B Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. C Percentage of DRN glutamatergic neurons that express 5-HT2C. D Left: timeline of Saline/MK212 (5-HT2C receptor agonist) injection and behavioral tests. Right: representative photomicrographs of needle track. Scale bars: 200 µm. E PWT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F – I OFT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. G Total distance. H Time spent in the OF center. I Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. J – L EPMT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. J Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. K Time spent in the open arms. L Frequency of open arm entries. M Left: timeline of AAV injection, behavioral tests and IF. N Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. O Quantification of fluorescent intensity of co-labeled (c-fos + + vglut2. + ) cells. P PWT 21 days after AAV injection. Q – T OFT 21 days after AAV injection. Q Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. R Total distance. S Time spent in the OF center. T Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. U – W EPMT 21 days after AAV injection. U Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. V Time spent in the open arms. W Frequency of open arm entries. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. 5-HT2C, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 C; CFA, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant; CNO, clozapine N-oxide; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; EPMT, elevated plus maze test; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IF, immunofluorescent staining; Sal, saline; OFT, open field test; PWT, paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Techniques Used: Over Expression, Expressing, Saline, Injection, Labeling, Adjuvant, Staining

Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the DRN alters gut microbiota diversity and expression profiles. A Sankey diagram of phylum and genus levels (from left to right) between the control and MK212 groups. B Heat map of different genus levels between the control and MK212 groups. C α-diversity represented by Chao 1. D α—diversity represented by Shannon Index. E β-diversity represented PCoA-Bray–Curtis analysis of gut bacteria (PC1 versus PC2). F – Q Relative abundance of phylum Actinobacteriota , phylum Proteobacteria , genus Alistipes, genus Alloprevotella, genus Anaerotruncus, genus Parabacteroides, genus Parasutterella, genus Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, genus Tuzzerella, species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron g Bacteroides, species Burkholderiales bacterium g Parasutterella, species Parabacteroides goldsteinii g Parabacteroides . Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 10 per group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01,*** P < 0.001. Con, control group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05; ns, not significant. Con, control group. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Figure Legend Snippet: Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the DRN alters gut microbiota diversity and expression profiles. A Sankey diagram of phylum and genus levels (from left to right) between the control and MK212 groups. B Heat map of different genus levels between the control and MK212 groups. C α-diversity represented by Chao 1. D α—diversity represented by Shannon Index. E β-diversity represented PCoA-Bray–Curtis analysis of gut bacteria (PC1 versus PC2). F – Q Relative abundance of phylum Actinobacteriota , phylum Proteobacteria , genus Alistipes, genus Alloprevotella, genus Anaerotruncus, genus Parabacteroides, genus Parasutterella, genus Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, genus Tuzzerella, species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron g Bacteroides, species Burkholderiales bacterium g Parasutterella, species Parabacteroides goldsteinii g Parabacteroides . Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 10 per group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01,*** P < 0.001. Con, control group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05; ns, not significant. Con, control group. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Bacteria

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Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: 5-HT2C receptors in the glutamatergic neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus orchestrate the comorbidity of pain and anxiety in mice

doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-04620-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: DRN glutamatergic 5-HT2C receptor upregulation promotes comorbid pain and anxiety, mimicked by pharmacological agonism or cell-specific overexpression. A Protein levels of 5-HT2C in the DRN. B Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. C Percentage of DRN glutamatergic neurons that express 5-HT2C. D Left: timeline of Saline/MK212 (5-HT2C receptor agonist) injection and behavioral tests. Right: representative photomicrographs of needle track. Scale bars: 200 µm. E PWT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F – I OFT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. F Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. G Total distance. H Time spent in the OF center. I Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. J – L EPMT 1 day after Saline/MK212 injection. J Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. K Time spent in the open arms. L Frequency of open arm entries. M Left: timeline of AAV injection, behavioral tests and IF. N Representative immunofluorescent images of c-fos expression in DRN glutamatergic neurons. Scale bars: 200 µm. O Quantification of fluorescent intensity of co-labeled (c-fos + + vglut2. + ) cells. P PWT 21 days after AAV injection. Q – T OFT 21 days after AAV injection. Q Representative trajectories of OFT exploration. R Total distance. S Time spent in the OF center. T Percentage of distance spent in the OF center. U – W EPMT 21 days after AAV injection. U Representative trajectories of EPMT exploration. V Time spent in the open arms. W Frequency of open arm entries. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant. 5-HT2C, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 C; CFA, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant; CNO, clozapine N-oxide; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; EPMT, elevated plus maze test; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IF, immunofluorescent staining; Sal, saline; OFT, open field test; PWT, paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Article Snippet: RS102221 and MK212 obtained from MedChemExpress (China) were used to selectively antagonize/activate 5-HT2C receptors, respectively.

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Saline, Injection, Labeling, Adjuvant, Staining

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: 5-HT2C receptors in the glutamatergic neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus orchestrate the comorbidity of pain and anxiety in mice

doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-04620-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the DRN alters gut microbiota diversity and expression profiles. A Sankey diagram of phylum and genus levels (from left to right) between the control and MK212 groups. B Heat map of different genus levels between the control and MK212 groups. C α-diversity represented by Chao 1. D α—diversity represented by Shannon Index. E β-diversity represented PCoA-Bray–Curtis analysis of gut bacteria (PC1 versus PC2). F – Q Relative abundance of phylum Actinobacteriota , phylum Proteobacteria , genus Alistipes, genus Alloprevotella, genus Anaerotruncus, genus Parabacteroides, genus Parasutterella, genus Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, genus Tuzzerella, species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron g Bacteroides, species Burkholderiales bacterium g Parasutterella, species Parabacteroides goldsteinii g Parabacteroides . Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 10 per group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01,*** P < 0.001. Con, control group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05; ns, not significant. Con, control group. Further details of statistical data analysis are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1

Article Snippet: RS102221 and MK212 obtained from MedChemExpress (China) were used to selectively antagonize/activate 5-HT2C receptors, respectively.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Bacteria

Central administration of serotonin (5HT) and serotonin-2C receptor (5HT2CR) agonist stimulated GnRH pulse generator activity, and 5HT2CR antagonism blocked the 5HT-induced stimulation of GnRH pulse generator activity recorded by multiple unit activity (MUA) in the ARC of OVX goats. ( a ) Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure for determining the effects of lateral ventricle (LV) administration of 5HT and 5HT2CR agonist and antagonist on MUA volley in goats. 5HT and MK212, a 5HT2CR agonist, were injected into the LV at a half-time of the mean interval of MUA volleys (Tm/2) determined by the 5-h prerecording of MUA. SB206553 (SB), a 5HT2CR antagonist, was infused into the LV immediately after the second MUA volley until the 5HT injection at Tm/2 after the third MUA volley. ( b ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulses in representative goats treated with 5HT or Veh (arrows). Arrow heads indicate the peaks of LH pulses identified by the PULSAR computer program. ( c ) The mean MUA volley interval of OVX goats after central 5HT (0.5 or 5 µmol) administration was significantly ( p < 0.05) shortened compared with that of Veh-treated control goats. ( d ) Percent change in mean LH levels of OVX goats after central 5HT (5 µmol) administration significantly ( p < 0.05) increased compared with that of Veh-treated controls. ( e ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulses of representative goats treated with LV infusion of SB (green) or Veh (gray) and LV injection of 5HT (arrows). ( f ) The mean MUA volley intervals at the postinfusion period were significantly ( p = 0.0026) shortened by 5HT injection in the Veh-treated group (gray), whereas the interval at the postinfusion period significantly ( p = 0.0026) elongated in the SB-treated group (green). In addition, significant differences were found in the MUA volley interval between the SB + 5HT and Veh + 5HT groups during the postinfusion period ( p = 0.0037). ( g ) The percent change in mean LH levels in OVX goats treated with LV infusion of SB (green) or Veh (gray). ( h ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulse of representative OVX goats treated with LV administration of MK212 (0.5 or 5 µmol) or Veh (arrows). ( i ) The mean MUA volley interval of OVX goats treated with central administration of MK212 (5 µmol) was significantly shorter than that of Veh-treated controls ( p = 0.0022). ( j ) The percent change in mean LH levels in OVX goats treated with LV administration of MK212 (0.5 or 5 µmol) or Veh. Values are means ± SEMs. The numbers in each column indicate the number of animals used. Arrowheads indicate the peaks of LH pulses identified by the PULSAR computer program.

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Raphe glucose-sensing serotonergic neurons stimulate KNDy neurons to enhance LH pulses via 5HT2CR: rat and goat studies

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58470-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Central administration of serotonin (5HT) and serotonin-2C receptor (5HT2CR) agonist stimulated GnRH pulse generator activity, and 5HT2CR antagonism blocked the 5HT-induced stimulation of GnRH pulse generator activity recorded by multiple unit activity (MUA) in the ARC of OVX goats. ( a ) Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure for determining the effects of lateral ventricle (LV) administration of 5HT and 5HT2CR agonist and antagonist on MUA volley in goats. 5HT and MK212, a 5HT2CR agonist, were injected into the LV at a half-time of the mean interval of MUA volleys (Tm/2) determined by the 5-h prerecording of MUA. SB206553 (SB), a 5HT2CR antagonist, was infused into the LV immediately after the second MUA volley until the 5HT injection at Tm/2 after the third MUA volley. ( b ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulses in representative goats treated with 5HT or Veh (arrows). Arrow heads indicate the peaks of LH pulses identified by the PULSAR computer program. ( c ) The mean MUA volley interval of OVX goats after central 5HT (0.5 or 5 µmol) administration was significantly ( p < 0.05) shortened compared with that of Veh-treated control goats. ( d ) Percent change in mean LH levels of OVX goats after central 5HT (5 µmol) administration significantly ( p < 0.05) increased compared with that of Veh-treated controls. ( e ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulses of representative goats treated with LV infusion of SB (green) or Veh (gray) and LV injection of 5HT (arrows). ( f ) The mean MUA volley intervals at the postinfusion period were significantly ( p = 0.0026) shortened by 5HT injection in the Veh-treated group (gray), whereas the interval at the postinfusion period significantly ( p = 0.0026) elongated in the SB-treated group (green). In addition, significant differences were found in the MUA volley interval between the SB + 5HT and Veh + 5HT groups during the postinfusion period ( p = 0.0037). ( g ) The percent change in mean LH levels in OVX goats treated with LV infusion of SB (green) or Veh (gray). ( h ) Profiles of MUA volleys and LH pulse of representative OVX goats treated with LV administration of MK212 (0.5 or 5 µmol) or Veh (arrows). ( i ) The mean MUA volley interval of OVX goats treated with central administration of MK212 (5 µmol) was significantly shorter than that of Veh-treated controls ( p = 0.0022). ( j ) The percent change in mean LH levels in OVX goats treated with LV administration of MK212 (0.5 or 5 µmol) or Veh. Values are means ± SEMs. The numbers in each column indicate the number of animals used. Arrowheads indicate the peaks of LH pulses identified by the PULSAR computer program.

Article Snippet: An 18-G stainless steel guide cannula was implanted in the LV for intracerebroventricular administration of serotonin hydrochloride (Sigma‒Aldrich), MK212 hydrochloride (a selective 5HT2CR agonist; R&D Systems), or SB206553 hydrochloride (5HT2B/2CR antagonist; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as described previously .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Injection, Control

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1) Product Images from "5-HT2C receptors in the glutamatergic neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus orchestrate the comorbidity of pain and anxiety in mice"

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