cpt1a  (Proteintech)

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Hyodeoxycholic acid attenuates atherosclerosis by antagonizing FXR and modulating the PD-1/mTORC1 signaling axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104096

Figure Lengend Snippet: PD-1 blockade promotes Treg migration via mTORC1-driven glycolytic pathways . (A) Representative en face images of Oil Red O-stained aortas from control and PD-1 blockade groups. (B) Representative images of arterial lesions stained with H&E (scale bar, 100 μm) and Oil Red O (scale bar, 200 μm), with quantification of the necrotic core area and Oil Red O-positive areas. (C) Flow cytometry detection of the enrichment of Foxp3+ Tregs in plaque areas following adoptive transfer of Tregs transduced with shRaptor or control vector, with or without PD-1 blockade. (D) Representative H&E staining of aortic sections showing the percentage of atherosclerotic plaque area relative to the total arterial area in each group (scale bar, 100 μm; magnification, 10 × ). (E) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of skin grafts in recipients treated with control Tregs (pLKO.1), shRaptor Tregs, PD-1 blockade, or shRaptor plus PD-1 blockade. (F–I) Metabolic analysis of donor Tregs after shRaptor or PD-1 blockade, showing effects on glycolysis (ECAR) and mitochondrial respiration (OCR). (J – K) Western blot and flow cytometry analysis of CPT1a expression levels in Treg isolated from plaques to evaluate alterations in fatty acid oxidation pathways following PD-1 blockade. (L) Western blot analysis was used to assess pERK, ERK, pS6K, S6K, and RAC levels in Treg cells transduced with control shRNA (pLKO.1) or Raptor shRNA (shRaptor) following PD-1 blockade at 0, 15, and 30 min. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for multiple comparisons, and the log-rank test for survival analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3-5 biological replicates). Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Cells were then stained with monoclonal anti-FOXP3-PE antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, SAB4700611); anti-CD4 (mouse) (Sigma-Aldrich, MABF157B); anti-IL-17A (mouse) (BioLegend, 506901); anti–IFN–γ-PE antibody (BioLegend, 502512); anti-STAT5 (phospho Y694)-PE antibody (BioLegend, 432606); anti-CPT1A antibody (Novus Biologicals, NBP1-67375); anti-ZNF671 antibody (Thermo Fisher, PA5-52732) for 30min at 4 °C in the dark.

Techniques: Migration, Staining, Control, Flow Cytometry, Adoptive Transfer Assay, Transduction, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Expressing, Isolation, shRNA

Journal: Research

Article Title: Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

doi: 10.34133/research.1223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) regulates fatty acid oxidation in granulosa cells through carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A). (A) CPT1A was identified as a protein with high confidence interacting with TRIM21 by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and proteomic sequencing. (B) Western blot (WB) analysis of KGN cell lysates immunoprecipitated with TRIM21 or CPT1A antibodies. (C and D) Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and WB analysis of exogenous TRIM21 and CPT1A in KGN cells overexpressing Myc-TRIM21 and Flag- CPT1A. (E) Immunofluorescence staining ofTRIM21 and CPT1A by confocal microscopy (scale bar, 10 μm) in KGN cells. (F) Molecular docking of TRIM21 and CPT1A. (G) Microscale thermophoresis of TRIM21 and CPT1A. (H to J) WB analysis of CPT1A with TRIM21 silencing or overexpression in KGN cells. (K) WB analysis of ATP5A1 with CPT1A silencing, with or without TRIM21 knockdown in KGN cells. (L) WB analysis of ATP5A1 in cells with etomoxir, with or without TRIM21 knockdown in KGN cells. (M and N) Evaluation of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function by oxygen consumption rate (OCR), including basal respiration and maximum respiration ( n = 6). (O) Representative images for tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate (TMRE) in oocytes ( n = 15; scale bar, 50 μm) and relative fluorescence intensities. Three fields of view of each mouse were selected. (P) Representative images for lipid content in oocytes by ( n = 15; scale bar, 50 μm) and relative fluorescence intensities. Three fields of view of each mouse were selected. Data are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ns, not significant; **** P < 0.0001. IB, immunoblot.

Article Snippet: Sections were prepared and underwent immunohistochemical staining using the TRIM21 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 92043) and CPT1A antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 97361), according to the standard procedures of the immunohistochemistry kit (KeyGEN, cat# KGC3201-300).

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Mass Spectrometry, Protein-Protein interactions, Sequencing, Western Blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Microscale Thermophoresis, Over Expression, Knockdown, Phospho-proteomics, Fluorescence

Journal: Research

Article Title: Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

doi: 10.34133/research.1223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) facilitates ubiquitination of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) at lysine 161. (A) Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of CPT1A with or without TRIM21 knockdown of KGN and COV434 cells ( n = 5). (B) Western blot (WB) analysis of CPT1A with TRIM21 overexpression in the presence of MG132 in KGN cells. (C) WB analysis of CPT1A in KGN cells treated with cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 at different time points. (D) WB analysis of CPT1A in cells with or without TRIM21 silencing in CHX-chase experiment in KGN cells. (E and F) In KGN cells, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and WB analysis of CPT1A exogenous ubiquitination with TRIM21 knockdown or overexpression in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). (G and H) In KGN cells, Co-IP and WB analysis of CPT1A endogenous ubiquitination with TRIM21 knockdown or overexpression in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). (I and J) In KGN cells, Co-IP and WB analysis of exogenous ubiquitination of CPT1A treated with Flag-CPT1A and HA-UB (wild type [WT], K48-only, and K63-only) in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). (K and L) Analysis of ubiquitination modification sites of CPT1A by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). (M and N) In KGN cells, Co-IP and WB of exogenous ubiquitination of CPT1A treated with Flag-CPT1A mutant plasmids in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). Data are expressed as means ± SD. IB, immunoblot.

Article Snippet: Sections were prepared and underwent immunohistochemical staining using the TRIM21 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 92043) and CPT1A antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 97361), according to the standard procedures of the immunohistochemistry kit (KeyGEN, cat# KGC3201-300).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Knockdown, Western Blot, Over Expression, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Modification, Immunoprecipitation, Mass Spectrometry, Protein-Protein interactions, Mutagenesis

Journal: Research

Article Title: Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

doi: 10.34133/research.1223

Figure Lengend Snippet: UBE2M promotes tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) neddylation and its interaction with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A). (A) UBE2M was identified as a protein with high confidence interacting with TRIM21 by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and functional analysis. (B) Molecular docking of UBE2M and TRIM21. (C and D) Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blot (WB) analysis of exogenous UBE2M and TRIM21 in KGN cells overexpressing Flag-UBE2M and MYC-TRIM21. (E) Immunofluorescence staining of UBE2M and TRIM21 by confocal microscopy in KGN cells (scale bar, 20 μm). (F) WB analysis of TRIM21 and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8) with UBE2M knockdown in KGN cells. (G) WB analysis of KGN cell lysates immunoprecipitated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-NEDD8 antibodies. (H) Immunofluorescence staining of TRIM21 and NEDD8 by confocal microscopy in KGN cells (scale bar, 20 μm). (I) WB analysis of TRIM21 in KGN cells overexpressing UBE2M with or without NEDD8 knockdown. (J) Co-IP and WB analysis of TRIM21 neddylation with or without UBE2M knockdown in KGN cells. (K) WB analysis of CPT1A in KGN cells treated with different concentrations of FLAG-UBE2M. (L) WB analysis of CPT1A treated with UBE2M silencing, with or without TRIM21 knockdown in KGN cells. (M) Co-IP and WB analysis of KGN cell lysates immunoprecipitated with anti-MYC antibody in the presence of UBE2M knockdown. (N) In KGN cells, Co-IP and WB analysis of TRIM21 neddylation, CPT1A and ATP5A1 with UBE2M silencing, with or without NEDD8 knockdown. (O) In KGN cells, WB analysis of K48 ubiquitination of CPT1A in cells with UBE2M overexpression, with or without TRIM21 knockdown in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h) treatment. (P) In KGN cells, Co-IP and WB analysis of exogenous K48 ubiquitination of CPT1A in KGN cells with UBE2M overexpression, with or without NEDD8 knockdown in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). IB, immunoblot.

Article Snippet: Sections were prepared and underwent immunohistochemical staining using the TRIM21 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 92043) and CPT1A antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 97361), according to the standard procedures of the immunohistochemistry kit (KeyGEN, cat# KGC3201-300).

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Mass Spectrometry, Protein-Protein interactions, Functional Assay, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Knockdown, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Over Expression

Journal: Research

Article Title: Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

doi: 10.34133/research.1223

Figure Lengend Snippet: MLN4924 reverses the ubiquitination of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) by tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) and ameliorates the phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mice. (A) Western blot (WB) analysis of neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8) and CPT1A treated with MLN4924, with or without TRIM21 knockdown in KGN cell. (B and C) Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and WB analysis of TRIM21 neddylation in KGN cells treated with or without MLN4924. (D) Co-IP and WB analysis of exogenous K48 ubiquitination of CPT1A in KGN cells overexpressing UBE2M, with or without NEDD8 knockdown in the presence of MG132 (10 μM, 4 h). (E and F) Evaluation of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in KGN cells, including basal respiration, maximum respiration, ATP generation, and coupling efficiency ( n = 6). (G and H) Evaluation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-dependent mitochondrial function by OCR in KGN cells, including basal respiration and maximum respiration ( n = 6). (I) Activity of mitochondrial complex V in KGN cells ( n = 6). (J and K) Testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of serum ( n = 15). (L) Anogenital distance in adult female mice ( n = 15). (M) Insulin tolerance test (ITT) test in adult female mice after 4 h of fasting ( n = 5). (N) Number of pups per birth ( n = 10). (O and P) WB and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of TRIM21 and CPT1A in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). (Q) Immunohistochemical staining of TRIM21 in mouse ovarian tissues (scale bars, 100 μm). Data are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and each symbol represents a biologically independent mouse. Significance was calculated by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) multiple comparison test. Blood glucose analysis between groups (M) was determined by 2-way ANOVA and multiple comparison test. ns, not significant; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. IB, immunoblot.

Article Snippet: Sections were prepared and underwent immunohistochemical staining using the TRIM21 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 92043) and CPT1A antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 97361), according to the standard procedures of the immunohistochemistry kit (KeyGEN, cat# KGC3201-300).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Western Blot, Knockdown, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Activity Assay, Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Research

Article Title: Inhibiting TRIM21 Neddylation Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality in PCOS by Regulating Ubiquitination of CPT1A

doi: 10.34133/research.1223

Figure Lengend Snippet: MLN4924 improves the quality of oocytes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mice. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of ovaries and the number of follicles in ovary including primordial follicles (*), growing follicles (#), and atretic follicles (arrows; scale bars, 100 μm). (B) Number of oocytes after superovulation ( n = 5 mice; scale bars, 100 μm). (C) Representative images and percentage of first polar body extrusion in mouse oocytes, fertilization rate, and blastocyst maturation rate ( n = 5 mice; scale bars, 100 μm). (D) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of mitochondrial morphology of mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Green arrows indicate normal mitochondria, red arrows indicate abnormal mitochondria, and # indicates lipid droplets ( n = 5 mice; scale bar, 500 nm). (E) Representative images of spindle morphology and chromosome alignment in oocytes at the metaphase II stage by confocal microscopy ( n = 5 mice; scale bar, 10 μm). The percentage of aberrant spindles and misaligned chromosomes were quantified in oocytes at metaphase II from control ( n = 23), PCOS ( n = 19), and MLN4924 ( n = 21) mice. (F) Representative images for JC-1 staining of mouse oocytes ( n = 15; scale bar, 50 μm) and relative fluorescence intensities. Three fields of view of each mouse were selected (G) Representative images for tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate (TMRE) staining of mouse oocytes ( n = 15; scale bar, 50 μm) and relative fluorescence intensities. Three fields of view of each mouse were selected. (H) Representative images for lipid content in oocytes ( n = 15; scale bar, 50 μm) and ratio of the fluorescence intensities. Three fields of view of each mouse were selected. (I) Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA levels of follicle development-related genes in mouse cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) ( n = 5). Data are expressed as means ± SD, and each symbol represents a biologically independent mouse. (J) Schematic diagram of the pathway by which tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) regulates ubiquitination of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) leading to abnormal fatty acid oxidation in ovarian granulosa cells. ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Sections were prepared and underwent immunohistochemical staining using the TRIM21 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 92043) and CPT1A antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat# 97361), according to the standard procedures of the immunohistochemistry kit (KeyGEN, cat# KGC3201-300).

Techniques: Staining, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy, Control, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ubiquitin Proteomics