Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Article Title: Phasic D1 and tonic D2 dopamine receptor signaling double dissociate the motivational effects of acute nicotine and chronic nicotine withdrawal.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114422109
Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Phasic DA activity mediates aversions to acute nicotine but the spe- cific pattern of tonic DA activity mediates aversions to withdrawal from chronic nicotine. (A) Both increasing and decreasing DAR activity prevents the expression of withdrawal aversions. Nicotine-dependent and -withdrawn mice pretreated with vehicle showed an aversion to a withdrawal-paired environment that was blocked (*P < 0.05) after pretreatment with DAR ag- onist apomorphine or DAR antagonist α-flupenthixol. (B) (Top) Representa- tive electrophysiological recordings from VTA DA neurons in rats treated with saline vehicle, acute nicotine, chronic nicotine (nicotine-dependent), and chronic nicotine and spontaneous withdrawal. (Middle) Nicotine-dependent rats exhibited a decrease in tonic VTA DA activity compared with saline control and acute nicotine-treated rats that was further significantly de- creased in rats undergoing withdrawal from chronic nicotine (*P < 0.05 in comparison with all other groups). (Bottom) Only acute nicotine increased phasic activity in VTA DA neurons. Chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal did not alter phasic activity. (C) Selectively blocking phasic DA activity with rimonabant or CGP39551 prevented aversions to acute nicotine but not to nicotine withdrawal. Data represent mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05).
Article Snippet: The NMDA-R antagonist CGP39551 (2.5 mg/kg) was purchased from Tocris, dissolved in PBS, and administered intraperitoneally immediately before conditioning.
Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Saline, Control, Comparison, Blocking Assay
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