artemether  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate Alleviates Salivary Gland Damage in pSJD-like animals. (A) H&E staining of submandibular glands (40×, scale bar=500μm; inset: 400×). (B) Quantification of inflammation area (%). (C) Salivary gland index (gland weight/body weight, n=10). (D) Plasma IgG levels (n=10). (E) Average body weight changes. (F-H) Plasma creatinine, ALT, and AST levels (n=10). (I-K) Confocal images of IgG and C3 deposition (scale bar=150µm) with semi-quantification (20 images from 3 mice/group, n=3). Data: mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: Staining, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate Rescues Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Viability and Restores Saliva Secretion Function. (A) Average water intake of ICR and NOD mice ( in vivo ). (B) Saliva flow rate (SFR, n=10) in mice ( in vivo ). (C) CCK - 8 assay for SGEC viability (human A253 cells, in vitro , n=4). (D) Western blot and quantification of AQP5 in mice ( in vivo , n=3). (E) Western blot and quantification of AQP5 in SGECs (human A253 cells, in vitro , n=3). (F) Flow cytometry-based apoptosis assay (human A253 cells, in vitro , n=3). Data: mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: In Vivo, CCK-8 Assay, In Vitro, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Apoptosis Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate Rescues Ferroptosis In Sgecs Of Psjd-Like Animals. (A, B) Western blot analysis and quantification of GPX4 and TFRC (n=3). (C–E) Confocal images of GPX4 and TFRC (scale bar=150μm) with semi-quantification of relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (20 images from 3 mice/group, n=3). (F) The level of GSH and MDA in mice salivary gland tissues. (G, H) Confocal images of NRF2 (scale bar=150μm) with semi-quantification of relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (20 images from 3 mice/group, n=3).In the 2D intensity histogram, PR represents Pearson’s Coefficient, M1 represents the red Manders’ Coefficients, and M2 represents the green Manders’ Coefficients. For the detailed analysis process of NRF2 subcellular distribution, see S2. Data: mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: Western Blot, Fluorescence

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate Inhibits IFN-γ-Induced Ferroptosis in SGECs. (A, B) ROS levels (scale bar=100μm) with semi-quantification of relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (11 images from 3 samples/group, n=3). (C-F) JC - 1 Red/Green fluorescence (scale bar=40μm) with semi-quantification of relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (11 images from 3 samples/group, n=3). (G) Representative TEM images of SGECs of mitochondrial morphology. Data: mean ± SEM. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate inhibits IFN-γ induced SGEC ferroptosis via the KEAP1-NRF2-xCT axis. (A, B) Molecular docking analysis of artesunate with human/mouse KEAP1: (A) Left: best docking conformation of the KEAP1-artesunate complex; Right: 3D molecular interactions identified by PLIP (blue line: hydrogen bond; gray dashed line: hydrophobic interaction; yellow line: salt bridge); (B) 2D interaction diagram generated by Discovery Studio. (C) Key docking metrics, including binding affinity (ΔG, kcal/mol), logarithmic inhibition constant (logKi, M), efficiency indices (LE, SILE, LLE, LELP), and interaction types (HB: hydrogen bonds, HI: hydrophobic interactions, SB: salt bridges; calculated via AutoDock Vina). (D-F) Western blot and quantification of ferroptosis-related proteins (TFRC, GPX4) and KEAP1-NRF2-xCT axis components (KEAP1, NRF2, xCT) (n=3). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: Generated, Binding Assay, Inhibition, Western Blot

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Artemisinin derivatives modulate KEAP1-NRF2-xCT pathway to alleviate Sjögren’s disease: insights from scRNA-seq and systems biology

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626230

Figure Lengend Snippet: Artesunate Rescues SGECs of pSJD-like animals from Ferroptosis via the KEAP1-NRF2-xCT Pathway . (A, B) Western blot and quantification of KEAP1, NRF2, and xCT (n=3). (C, D) Confocal images of KEAP1-NRF2 colocalization (scale bar=150μm) with Manders’ coefficients (20 images from 3 mice/group, n=3). (E, F) Confocal images of xCT-AQP5 colocalization (scale bar=150μm) with Manders’ coefficients (20 images from 3 mice/group, n=3). In the 2D intensity histogram, PR represents Pearson’s Coefficient, M1 represents the red Manders’ Coefficients, and M2 represents the green Manders’ Coefficients. Data: mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001; Ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Artesunate (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) was dissolved in a mixture of PEG300, Tween-80, and saline (stored at 4 °C).

Techniques: Western Blot