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4 aminopyridine  (Tocris)


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    Tocris 4 aminopyridine
    4 Aminopyridine, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 445 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/aminopyridine/4-Aminopyridine/10__1016_slash_j__isci__2026__115793-238-6-9
    Average 95 stars, based on 445 article reviews
    4 aminopyridine - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

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    other:

    Article Title: Axonal transport of CHMP2b is regulated by kinesin-binding protein and disrupted by CHMP2b intron5 .
    Article Snippet: Pharmacological agents were used in the following concentrations and time courses: bicuculline (40 μM, 2 h; Sigma-Aldrich), 4- aminopyridine (50 μM, 2 h; Tocris Bioscience), and LysoTracker Red DND-99 (50 nM, 30 min; Thermo Fisher Scientific).

    Article Title: Testosterone Enhances K V Currents and Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation Induced by ATP and UTP through P2Y 4 Receptors and Adenylyl Cyclase Pathway
    Article Snippet: 4-aminopyridine was purchased from Research Chemical Ltd. (Word Hill, MA, USA), iberiotoxin from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA), and AR-C118925XX from Tocris Bioscience (Avonbridge Trading Estate, Bristol, UK).

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: A Kv2 inhibitor combination reveals native neuronal conductances consistent with Kv2/KvS heteromers
    Article Snippet: .. After whole-cell voltage clamp was established, non-Kv2/KvS conductances were suppressed by changing to an external solution containing a cocktail of inhibitors: 100 nM alpha-dendrotoxin (Alomone) to block Kv1 , 3 μM AmmTX3 (Alomone) to block Kv4 ( ; ), 100 μM 4-aminopyridine to block Kv3 ( ; ), 1 μM TTX to block TTX sensitive Nav channels, and 10 μM A-803467 (Tocris) to block Nav1.8 ( ). ..

    Activity Assay:

    Article Title: Regulation of neuronal circHomer1 biogenesis by PKA/CREB/ERK-mediated pathways and effects of glutamate and dopamine receptor blockade.
    Article Snippet: .. Induction of neuronal activity To examine the hypothesis that circHomer1 is activity dependent circRNA, neuronal activity was induced by using a combination of Bicuculine and 4-Aminopyridine. (+)-Bicuculline (Cat. No. 0130 – Tocris BioTechne Corporation), that is a potent GABAa antagonist, was added at a dose of 35uM while 4- Aminopyridine (Cat. No. 0940 – Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation), that is a Kv channel blocker, was added at a concentration of 100uM. .. Glutamatergic receptor modulation Page 7/33 For activating mGluR5, CHPG (Cat. No. 1049 – Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation) a mGluR5 selective agonist was used at a dose of 1mM, whereas for inhibiting NMDAR function, (+)-MK 801 maleate (Cat. No. 0924 Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation) a selective non-competitive antagonist was added at a nal concentration of 3uM.

    Concentration Assay:

    Article Title: Regulation of neuronal circHomer1 biogenesis by PKA/CREB/ERK-mediated pathways and effects of glutamate and dopamine receptor blockade.
    Article Snippet: .. Induction of neuronal activity To examine the hypothesis that circHomer1 is activity dependent circRNA, neuronal activity was induced by using a combination of Bicuculine and 4-Aminopyridine. (+)-Bicuculline (Cat. No. 0130 – Tocris BioTechne Corporation), that is a potent GABAa antagonist, was added at a dose of 35uM while 4- Aminopyridine (Cat. No. 0940 – Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation), that is a Kv channel blocker, was added at a concentration of 100uM. .. Glutamatergic receptor modulation Page 7/33 For activating mGluR5, CHPG (Cat. No. 1049 – Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation) a mGluR5 selective agonist was used at a dose of 1mM, whereas for inhibiting NMDAR function, (+)-MK 801 maleate (Cat. No. 0924 Tocris Bio-Techne Corporation) a selective non-competitive antagonist was added at a nal concentration of 3uM.



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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    4 aminopyridine  (Tocris)
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
    4 Aminopyridine, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    suramin tocris bioscience  (Tocris)
    95
    Tocris suramin tocris bioscience
    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    université de montréal n a 4 aminopyridine tocris bioscience  (Tocris)
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    aminopyridine 4 ap tocris  (Tocris)
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    hy b0604 kynurenic acid kyn medchemexpress  (MedChemExpress)
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of <t>the</t> <t>inhibitory</t> component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after <t>TTX</t> (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.
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    (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of the inhibitory component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after TTX (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A thalamostriatal brake counteracts cortical recruitment of striatal ensembles in levodopa-induced dyskinesia

    doi: 10.64898/2026.07.22.740223

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A, K) Recording configurations for pathway-isolated synaptic measurements in the dorsolateral striatum of TRAP2::Ai14 mice. Opsin-expressing axon terminals from M2 (A) or PF (K) were activated by blue light (473 nm) while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from neighboring tdTomato + TRAPed and tdTomato − non-TRAPed neurons. (B, C, L, M) M2-(B) or PF-evoked (L) paired-pulse oEPSCs and summary of paired-pulse ratio (PPR; 50 ms inter-stimulus interval; second/first peak amplitude) (C, M). (C) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 19, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. ** p = 0.0011. (M) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 31, N = 8 mice; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 8. * p = 0.0373. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (D, E, N, O) Representative M2-(D) or PF-evoked (E) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated currents and summary of AMPA/NMDA ratio (E, O). AMPAR component was measured as the oEPSC peak at −70 mV; NMDAR component was measured at +40 mV at 50 ms after stimulation. (E) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 9; TRAPed, n = 24, N = 9. * p = 0.0329; Mann-Whitney U test. (O) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 30, N = 10; TRAPed, n = 26, N = 10. ns, p = 0.7772; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (F, G, P, Q) Representative M2-(F) or PF-evoked (P) oEPSCs (−70 mV) and oIPSCs (0 mV) and evoked excitation/inhibition ratio (E/I; oEPSC peak/oIPSC peak) (Q, Q). (G) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 7; TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. ns, p = 0.066; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (Q) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 23, N = 8; TRAPed, n = 21, N = 8. * p = 0.0216; Mann-Whitney U test. (H, R) Response delay (onset latency from stimulation) for M2-(H) or PF-evoked (R) oEPSCs and oIPSCs recorded in the same cells. (H) M2, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; two-tailed paired Student’s t test. TRAPed, n = 22, N = 7. **** p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. (R) PF, nonTRAPed, n = 22, N = 8, **** p < 0.0001; TRAPed, n = 20 cells, N = 8 mice. Two-tailed paired Student’s t test. (I, S) Pharmacological test of the inhibitory component evoked by M2 (I) or PF (S) stimulation. oIPSCs were measured in ACSF, after TTX (1 μM), and after TTX + 4-AP (200 μM). Left, group data; right, example traces. (I) M2, n = 8 (non-TRAPed = 4, TRAPed = 4), N = 2. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0029; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.4838. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (S) PF, n = 13 (non-TRAPed = 7, TRAPed = 6), N = 3. ASCF vs. TTX, ** p = 0.0064; TTX vs. TTX + 4-AP, ns, p = 0.7433. One-way RM ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (J, T) Response probability (percentage of recorded cells exhibiting detectable oEPSCs or oIPSCs) during M2 (J) or PF (T) terminal stimulation. (J) M2, oEPSC, N = 9, ** p = 0.0046; oIPSC, N = 9; * p = 0.017. Fisher’s exact test. (T) PF, oEPSC, N = 10, ns, p > 0.9999; oIPSC, N = 10; ns, p = 0.6191. Fisher’s exact test. n , cells; N , animals. Data are as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: To test for polysynaptic inhibitory routing, TTX (1 μM; TETRODOTOXIN, China) was bath applied to block action potential–dependent transmission, followed by co-application of TTX and 4-AP (200 μM; Cat#HY-B0604, MedChemExpress, USA). oIPSC amplitudes were quantified after ≥ 10 min wash-in per condition; currents abolished by TTX and not restored by TTX plus 4-AP were interpreted as arising from multi-neuron circuitry rather than monosynaptic release.

    Techniques: Isolation, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Inhibition