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Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute Co Ltd mpo
Mpo, supplied by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute Co Ltd, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Multiple Displacement Amplification:

Article Title: Parabacteroides distasonis regulates PPARɑ to alleviate colchicine-induced colonic injury through p-cresol sulfate.
Article Snippet: Colchicine has been extensively utilized for treating gouty arthritis over many years, yet its dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity remains a significant clinical challenge.. While diarrhoea and nausea are well recognised, the extent of colchicine-induced occult colonic injury-including its impact on the gut microbiota and mucosal homeostasis-is poorly defined.. This study investigates colchicine-induced colonic injury (e.g., oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction) in vivo and in vitro and also the imbalance of gut microbiota composition in mice.

Article Title: The Natural Compound Cornuside Protects Against Acute Liver Failure Induced by Lipopolysaccharide and D-Galactosamine
Article Snippet: Cornuside (Catalog No.: HY-N0631, purity: 99.95%) was acquired from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China), with its chemical structure illustrated in Figure 1A. .. Assay kits for myeloperoxidase (MPO), tissue iron (Fe), malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biological Engineering (Nanjing, China). .. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits targeting IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12/p40, along with antibodies for flow cytometry, were sourced from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA).

Article Title: Fucoidan Oligosaccharides from Kjellmaniella crassifolia Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating the TLR4 and NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Modulating Gut Microbiota
Article Snippet: .. Assay Kits for Catalase (CAT), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-PX), ELISA Kits for Mouse Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Mouse Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Mouse Mucin-2 (MUC-2) (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjijng, China). ..

Article Title: Euphorbia humifusa Willd. alleviates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation via ACSL4/COX-2 axis.
Article Snippet: This is a PDF of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability.. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form.. As such, this version is no longer the Accepted Manuscript, but it is not yet the definitive Version of Record; we are providing this early version to give early visibility of the article.

TUNEL Assay:

Article Title: Parabacteroides distasonis regulates PPARɑ to alleviate colchicine-induced colonic injury through p-cresol sulfate.
Article Snippet: Colchicine has been extensively utilized for treating gouty arthritis over many years, yet its dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity remains a significant clinical challenge.. While diarrhoea and nausea are well recognised, the extent of colchicine-induced occult colonic injury-including its impact on the gut microbiota and mucosal homeostasis-is poorly defined.. This study investigates colchicine-induced colonic injury (e.g., oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction) in vivo and in vitro and also the imbalance of gut microbiota composition in mice.

other:

Article Title: Self-traceable, Self-protective, and self-sufficient combinational catalytic therapy of inflammatory bowel disease by a smart Nanozyme-DNAzyme platform
Article Snippet: DNAzyme-based gene silencing therapies are promising candidates for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).. However, DNAzyme’s unique substrate, structural instability, and conditional catalytic mechanism necessitate delivery systems enabling concurrent integration of precision (gene silencing surveillance), durability (degradation resistance), and efficacy (sustained catalytic output).. Herein, we propose a smart photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided nanozyme-DNAzyme platform for combinational catalytic therapy (NDCT) of IBD by introducing the antioxidant iridium nanozyme (IrNZ) as a protector for DNAzyme and in-situ amplifier of PAI signal.

Activity Assay:

Article Title: Mechanotransducer Piezo1 drives ventilator-induced lung injury in lung epithelial cells via the calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway
Article Snippet: Cyclosporine A (CsA; cat. no. SML1018) and FK506 (cat. no. F4679) were purchased from MilliporeSigma (Merck KGaA). .. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) detection kits (cat. no. A044-1-1) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. calcineurin activity assay kits (cat. no. AB139461 ) were purchased from Abcam. .. ELISA kits for TNF-α (cat. no. EMC102a), IL-1β (cat. no. EMC001b) and IL-6 (cat. no. EMC004) were acquired from Neobioscience Technology Co., Ltd.

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

Article Title: Fucoidan Oligosaccharides from Kjellmaniella crassifolia Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating the TLR4 and NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Modulating Gut Microbiota
Article Snippet: .. Assay Kits for Catalase (CAT), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-PX), ELISA Kits for Mouse Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Mouse Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Mouse Mucin-2 (MUC-2) (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjijng, China). ..

MPO Assay:

Article Title: A first-in-class orally available DC-SIGN agonist octaparin alleviates TNBS-induced colitis by preserving gut barrier integrity.
Article Snippet: This is a PDF of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability.. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form.. As such, this version is no longer the Accepted Manuscript, but it is not yet the definitive Version of Record; we are providing this early version to give early visibility of the article.



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NOD2 deficiency ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and injury in vivo The functional role of NOD2 was evaluated in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model of COPD using wild-type (wt) and NOD2-knockout (NOD2-/-) mice, with lentiviral-mediated NOD2 re-expression (NOD2-OE) in NOD2-/- COPD mice. ( A ) Schematic of the in vivo experimental design. ( B ) qRT-PCR analysis of NOD2 mRNA expression in lung tissue. ( C ) Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue sections. Scale bars: 200 μm in the upper panels and 100 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen deposition in lung tissue sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and <t>ELISA</t> measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF supernatant. ( F ) Representative images of IHC staining for E-cadherin and N-cadherin in lung tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( G ) Quantification of the average optical density (AOD) for E-cadherin and N-cadherin IHC staining. ( H ) qRT-PCR analysis of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors (CSF3, CCL3, and IL1α) in lung tissue. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt-COPD groups; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 wt-COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; & p < 0.05 and && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and <t>myeloperoxidase</t> <t>(MPO,</t> red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups
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NOD2 deficiency ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and injury in vivo The functional role of NOD2 was evaluated in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model of COPD using wild-type (wt) and NOD2-knockout (NOD2-/-) mice, with lentiviral-mediated NOD2 re-expression (NOD2-OE) in NOD2-/- COPD mice. ( A ) Schematic of the in vivo experimental design. ( B ) qRT-PCR analysis of NOD2 mRNA expression in lung tissue. ( C ) Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue sections. Scale bars: 200 μm in the upper panels and 100 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen deposition in lung tissue sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and ELISA measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF supernatant. ( F ) Representative images of IHC staining for E-cadherin and N-cadherin in lung tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( G ) Quantification of the average optical density (AOD) for E-cadherin and N-cadherin IHC staining. ( H ) qRT-PCR analysis of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors (CSF3, CCL3, and IL1α) in lung tissue. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt-COPD groups; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 wt-COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; & p < 0.05 and && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: NOD2 deficiency ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and injury in vivo The functional role of NOD2 was evaluated in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model of COPD using wild-type (wt) and NOD2-knockout (NOD2-/-) mice, with lentiviral-mediated NOD2 re-expression (NOD2-OE) in NOD2-/- COPD mice. ( A ) Schematic of the in vivo experimental design. ( B ) qRT-PCR analysis of NOD2 mRNA expression in lung tissue. ( C ) Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue sections. Scale bars: 200 μm in the upper panels and 100 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen deposition in lung tissue sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and ELISA measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF supernatant. ( F ) Representative images of IHC staining for E-cadherin and N-cadherin in lung tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( G ) Quantification of the average optical density (AOD) for E-cadherin and N-cadherin IHC staining. ( H ) qRT-PCR analysis of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors (CSF3, CCL3, and IL1α) in lung tissue. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt-COPD groups; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 wt-COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; & p < 0.05 and && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: In Vivo, Functional Assay, Knock-Out, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Tissue, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Control, Plasmid Preparation

NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: Tissue, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Analysis, Control, Plasmid Preparation

Neutrophil depletion minimizes genotype-dependent differences in CS-induced lung injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and NET formation The dependence of NOD2-associated COPD pathology on neutrophils was evaluated by depleting neutrophils in CS-exposed wild-type (wt) and NOD2 −/− mice. Mice were randomly assigned to the wt -COPD + IgG, wt -COPD + Anti-Ly6G, NOD2 −/− -COPD + IgG, and NOD2 −/− -COPD + Anti-Ly6G groups ( n = 6 per group). ( A ) Schematic of the experimental design. Mice were exposed to CS for 12 weeks and received 200 µg of anti-Ly6G antibody or an equivalent dose of isotype IgG intraperitoneally three times per week from week 2 until the end of the experiment. ( B ) Representative flow-cytometry plots and quantification of CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils in lung tissue and peripheral blood. ( C ) Representative H&E-stained images of lung tissue sections. Scale bars: 200 μm in the upper panels and 100 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for pulmonary collagen deposition. Scale bars: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), together with ELISA measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF supernatants. ( F ) Quantification of CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. the wt -COPD + IgG group; ## p < 0.01 vs. the wt-COPD + Anti-Ly6G group; & p < 0.05, & p < 0.01 vs. the NOD2 −/− -COPD + IgG group

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neutrophil depletion minimizes genotype-dependent differences in CS-induced lung injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and NET formation The dependence of NOD2-associated COPD pathology on neutrophils was evaluated by depleting neutrophils in CS-exposed wild-type (wt) and NOD2 −/− mice. Mice were randomly assigned to the wt -COPD + IgG, wt -COPD + Anti-Ly6G, NOD2 −/− -COPD + IgG, and NOD2 −/− -COPD + Anti-Ly6G groups ( n = 6 per group). ( A ) Schematic of the experimental design. Mice were exposed to CS for 12 weeks and received 200 µg of anti-Ly6G antibody or an equivalent dose of isotype IgG intraperitoneally three times per week from week 2 until the end of the experiment. ( B ) Representative flow-cytometry plots and quantification of CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils in lung tissue and peripheral blood. ( C ) Representative H&E-stained images of lung tissue sections. Scale bars: 200 μm in the upper panels and 100 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for pulmonary collagen deposition. Scale bars: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), together with ELISA measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF supernatants. ( F ) Quantification of CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. the wt -COPD + IgG group; ## p < 0.01 vs. the wt-COPD + Anti-Ly6G group; & p < 0.05, & p < 0.01 vs. the NOD2 −/− -COPD + IgG group

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: Pathology, Flow Cytometry, Tissue, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Knockdown of NOD2 inhibits CSE-induced NET formation, ROS production, and mitophagy in human neutrophils The role of NOD2 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lysosome–mitochondrion spatial relationships were evaluated in differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) Neutrophil elastase (NE) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow-cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the spatial relationship between LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocation efficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 was determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. Control group; ## p < 0.01 vs. CSE + sh-NC group

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Knockdown of NOD2 inhibits CSE-induced NET formation, ROS production, and mitophagy in human neutrophils The role of NOD2 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lysosome–mitochondrion spatial relationships were evaluated in differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) Neutrophil elastase (NE) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow-cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the spatial relationship between LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocation efficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 was determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. Control group; ## p < 0.01 vs. CSE + sh-NC group

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: Knockdown, Derivative Assay, In Vitro, Staining, Morphology, Cell Culture, Picogreen Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Immunofluorescence, Control

ZDHHC5 overexpression partially counteracts the effects of NOD2 knockdown in human neutrophil-like cells The ability of ZDHHC5 overexpression to counteract the effects of NOD2 knockdown was evaluated in CSE-stimulated, differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) MPO levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) NE levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocalization coefficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 were determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 versus the CSE + sh-NC + Vector group; ## p < 0.01 versus the CSE + sh-NOD2 + ZDHHC5 group

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZDHHC5 overexpression partially counteracts the effects of NOD2 knockdown in human neutrophil-like cells The ability of ZDHHC5 overexpression to counteract the effects of NOD2 knockdown was evaluated in CSE-stimulated, differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) MPO levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) NE levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocalization coefficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 were determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 versus the CSE + sh-NC + Vector group; ## p < 0.01 versus the CSE + sh-NOD2 + ZDHHC5 group

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: Over Expression, Knockdown, Derivative Assay, In Vitro, Staining, Morphology, Cell Culture, Picogreen Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Immunofluorescence, Plasmid Preparation

ZDHHC5 overexpression partially counteracts the protective effects of NOD2 knockdown in a mouse model of COPD The ability of ZDHHC5 overexpression to counteract the effects of NOD2 knockdown was evaluated in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model of COPD. ( A ) Schematic of the in vivo experimental design. ( B ) qRT-PCR analysis of NOD2 and ZDHHC5 mRNA expression in lung tissue. ( C ) Representative images of H&E staining of lung sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen deposition. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of inflammatory cells and TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF. ( F ) Representative images of IHC staining for E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( G ) Quantitative analysis of IHC staining. ( H ) Immunofluorescence images showing spatial overlap between Ly6G (green) and LC3B (red). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( I ) Immunofluorescence images showing NETs stained for CitH3 (green) and MPO (red). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( J ) Quantification of CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. COPD + sh-NC + Vector group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. COPD + sh-NOD2 + ZDHHC5 group

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZDHHC5 overexpression partially counteracts the protective effects of NOD2 knockdown in a mouse model of COPD The ability of ZDHHC5 overexpression to counteract the effects of NOD2 knockdown was evaluated in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model of COPD. ( A ) Schematic of the in vivo experimental design. ( B ) qRT-PCR analysis of NOD2 and ZDHHC5 mRNA expression in lung tissue. ( C ) Representative images of H&E staining of lung sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( D ) Representative images of Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen deposition. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( E ) Quantification of inflammatory cells and TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1 levels in BALF. ( F ) Representative images of IHC staining for E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( G ) Quantitative analysis of IHC staining. ( H ) Immunofluorescence images showing spatial overlap between Ly6G (green) and LC3B (red). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( I ) Immunofluorescence images showing NETs stained for CitH3 (green) and MPO (red). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( J ) Quantification of CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. COPD + sh-NC + Vector group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. COPD + sh-NOD2 + ZDHHC5 group

Article Snippet: Additionally, the commercial ELISA kits (Human and mouse MPO ELISA Kits, Cat. # CSB-E08721h, CSB-E08723m, CUSABIO, Wuhan, China; Human and mouse neutrophil elastase ELISA Kit, Cat. # CSB-EL007587HU, CSB-E04804m, CUSABIO) were applied to quantify the levels of MPO and neutrophil elastase released into cell culture supernatants as per the instructions of the manufacturer.

Techniques: Over Expression, Knockdown, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Expressing, Tissue, Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Plasmid Preparation

NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: NOD2 promotes Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the CS-induced COPD mouse model The association between NOD2, autophagy, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation was investigated in the lung tissue of mice from the CS-induced COPD model. ( A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing co-localization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (green) and the autophagy marker LC3B (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( B ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing staining for the NET markers citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3, green) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. ( C ) Quantification of the NET biomarkers CitH3-DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in serum and lung tissue homogenates by ELISA. ( D ) Immunoblotting analysis of the neutrophil marker Ly6G and the NET marker CitH3 in whole-lung tissue lysates. ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of the neutrophil marker Ly6G (red), the NET marker CitH3 (green), and NOD2 (pink) in lung tissue, with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 μm in the upper panels and 10 μm in the enlarged lower panels. Data are presented as mean ± SD. C and D were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 Control vs. wt -COPD groups; and ## p < 0.01 wt -COPD vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD groups; && p < 0.01 NOD2 −/− -COPD + vector vs. NOD2 −/− -COPD + NOD2-OE groups

Article Snippet: To visualize NETs, mouse lung sections were incubated with antibodies for CitH3 (Cat. # ab232938, Abcam) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Cat. #22225-1-AP, Proteintech).

Techniques: Tissue, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Analysis, Control, Plasmid Preparation

Knockdown of NOD2 inhibits CSE-induced NET formation, ROS production, and mitophagy in human neutrophils The role of NOD2 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lysosome–mitochondrion spatial relationships were evaluated in differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) Neutrophil elastase (NE) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow-cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the spatial relationship between LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocation efficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 was determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. Control group; ## p < 0.01 vs. CSE + sh-NC group

Journal: Biomarker Research

Article Title: ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate inflammation in COPD

doi: 10.1186/s40364-026-01001-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Knockdown of NOD2 inhibits CSE-induced NET formation, ROS production, and mitophagy in human neutrophils The role of NOD2 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and lysosome–mitochondrion spatial relationships were evaluated in differentiated HL-60-derived neutrophil-like cells. ( A ) Schematic of the in vitro experimental design and treatment groups. ( B ) Representative DAPI-stained images of extracellular DNA structures and quantification of NET formation based on DAPI-stained nuclear morphology. Scale bars: 20 μm. ( C ) Extracellular DNA levels in cell culture supernatants determined using a PicoGreen dsDNA assay. ( D ) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( E ) Neutrophil elastase (NE) levels in cell culture supernatants determined by ELISA. ( F ) Representative flow-cytometry histograms and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels measured using DCFH-DA staining. ( G ) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the spatial relationship between LAMP1-positive lysosomes (green) and TOM20-positive mitochondria (red), with nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). The colocation efficients for LAMP1 and TOM20 was determined by ImageJ and shown on the right. Scale bars: 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ** p < 0.01 vs. Control group; ## p < 0.01 vs. CSE + sh-NC group

Article Snippet: To visualize NETs, mouse lung sections were incubated with antibodies for CitH3 (Cat. # ab232938, Abcam) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Cat. #22225-1-AP, Proteintech).

Techniques: Knockdown, Derivative Assay, In Vitro, Staining, Morphology, Cell Culture, Picogreen Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Immunofluorescence, Control