Cell Culture:
Article Title: A Heteroplasmic MT-CO2 m.8024G > A Variant Is Associated with Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Deficiency and Optic Atrophy.
Article Snippet: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants.. While MT-CO2 defects are implicated in neurodegeneration, their direct association with optic atrophy has not been reported.. We identify a heteroplasmic MT-CO2 variant, m.8024G > A (p.Glu147Lys), in a patient with progressive optic atrophy and explore its potential association with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Modification:Article Title: A Heteroplasmic MT-CO2 m.8024G > A Variant Is Associated with Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Deficiency and Optic Atrophy.
Article Snippet: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants.. While MT-CO2 defects are implicated in neurodegeneration, their direct association with optic atrophy has not been reported.. We identify a heteroplasmic MT-CO2 variant, m.8024G > A (p.Glu147Lys), in a patient with progressive optic atrophy and explore its potential association with mitochondrial dysfunction.
H&E Stain:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Staining:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Activity Assay:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Luciferase:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Plasmid Preparation:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Transfection:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Amplification:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
CCK-8 Assay:Article Title: Lung epithelial endothelin-1 drives iron dysregulation and skeletal injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-DDDDK (Flag) Tag Antibody Abcam Cat#ab1162; RRID:AB_2223202 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-36247; RRID:AB_2890589 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA17404; RRID:AB_1018422 Anti-endothelin-1 (ET-1) Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117757; RRID:AB_10890133 Anti-ETAR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117521; RRID:AB_10890131 Anti-ETBR Antibody Abcam Cat#ab117529; RRID:AB_1090207 Anti-vWF Antibody Abcam Cat#ab6994; RRID:AB_305602 Anti-4HNE Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA527570; RRID:AB_2737298 Anti-Caspase 3 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#43-7800; RRID:AB_2533540 Anti-SP7 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab209484; RRID:AB_2894090 Anti-TFR1 Antibody Abcam Cat#ab84036; RRID:AB_1640421 Anti-p16INK4a Antibody Abcam Cat#ab189034; RRID:AB_2713948 Anti-p21 Antibody Invitrogen Cat#MA5-42680; RRID:AB_2687564 Anti-Actin Antibody Abcam Cat#ab179467; RRID:AB_2223046 Anti-Spike Protein S1 Neutralizing Antibody Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Anti-His Antibody Sigma SAB2702218; RRID:AB_3717312 Anti-Flag Antibody Sigma F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-Myc Antibody Sigma A5963; RRID:AB_258265 Anti-TMO20 Antibody Proteintech Cat#11802-1-AP; RRID:AB_10859670 Bacterial and virus strains SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a, wildtype) Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number MT230904) N/A B.1.617.2/Delta Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GenBank accession number OM212471) N/A Omicron EG.5.1 Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong (GISAID: EPL_ISL_18461518) N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-Luciferase reporter Dr. Lin Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University N/A SARS-CoV-2 D614G Spike Pseudovirus-GFP reporter Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. N/A Biological samples Human lung tissue Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human tibial osteochondral explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human articular cartilage explants Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Human plasma samples Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Hamster organs (lung, liver, kidney, spleen) This paper N/A Hamster leg tissue This paper N/A Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sinobiological Cat#40589-V08B1 (Continued on next page) 20 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Endothelin-1 Sigma-Aldrich Cat#117399-94-7 Macitentan Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd N/A BQ123 MCE Cat#HY-12378 BQ788 MCE Cat#HY-15894A FGF-2, Human MCE CatHY-P7004 FGF-1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7001 TGF-β1, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7118 IL-1β, Human MCE Cat#HY-P7028 ITS-Premix Gibco Cat#41400045 L-proline MCE Cat#HY-Y0252 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate MCE Cat#HY-103701 Dexamethasone MCE Cat#HY-14648 Sodium pyruvate Gibco Cat#11360070 Triiodothyronine (T3) MCE Cat#HY-A0070A Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Gibco Cat#15140122 Amphotericin B Gibco Cat#15290018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Dieckmann Cat#E112487 DMSO MCE Cat#HY-Y0320 Xylazine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A Ketamine AlfaMeedic Ltd. N/A SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein containing a C-terminal 8×His tag Sangon Biotech Cat#D625027 ETBR protein containing C-terminal Flag and Myc tags OriGene Technologies Cat#TP304899 CoCl2 MCE Cat#HY-W019980D Critical commercial assays 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Vector Lab Cat#SK-4100 H&E Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab245880 Prussian Blue Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150674 Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit Abcam Cat#ab150686 TRAP Stain Kit Amizona Scientific Cat#AMK1002-010 Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit MCE Cat#HY-K1073 Caspase-3/7 Activity Assay Kit Promega Cat#G8091 Luciferase Assay System Promega Cat#E1501 E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit Omega Cat#R1034-00 PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR036B One-Step TB Green RT-PCR Kit TaKaRa Cat#RR086A RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen Cat#74104 E.Z.N.A.® Endo-Free Plasmid DNA Midi Kit Omega Cat#D6915-04 Lenti-X Lentiviral Packaging System TaKaRa Cat#632673 Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#13778075 LipofectamineTM 3000 Transfection Reagent Invitrogen Cat#L3000001 Plasmids amplified kit TaKaRa Cat#9057 Human Endothelin 1 ELISA Kit ABclonal Cat#RK09252 Cell Counting Kit-8 Biosharp Cat#BS350B (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026 21 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Deposited data RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE267009 Single-nuclei RNA-Seq dataset Gene Expression Omnibus GSE171524 Endothelin type B receptor Protein Structure Database PDB ID: 6IGL SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 fragment Prof. Xioadi Tang, SiChuan University residues 805–1020 Experimental models: Cell lines ATDC5 cells Prof. Limin Rong, Sun Yat-Sen University N/A C28/I2 cells Prof. Danny Chan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A A549-hACE2 cells Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A HUVEC cells Prof. Mo Yang, he Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A MG-63 cells Dr. Poon Chui-wa, Christina, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University N/A Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) Oricell N/A Primary human chondrocytes Isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong N/A Experimental models: Organisms/strains Golden Syrian hamsters Prof. Shuofeng Yuan, The University of Hong Kong N/A Oligonucleotides siRNA targeting EDNRA (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4465 siRNA targeting EDNRB (SilencerTM Select Pre-Designed) Invitrogen s4468 siRNA targeting EDN1 (Sense: 5′-CGAGCACGUUGU UCCGUAU(dT)(dT)-3’; Antisense: 5′-AUACGGAACAACGUGCUCG (dT)(dT)-3′ Tsingke N/A siRNA Negative Contral Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Forward (5′-CACCATTGGCAATGAGCGGTTC3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: β-actin Reverse (5′-AGGTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACGT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Forward (5′-CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: RdRp Reverse (5′-GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Forward (5′-AGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGGTAAA-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: GAPDH Reverse (5′-GAATTTGCCATGGGTGGAAT-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Forward (5′-ATCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGG-3′) Tsingke N/A qPCR primer: TFRC Reverse (5′-ACAACAGTGGGCTGGCAGAAAC-3′) Tsingke N/A (Continued on next page) 22 Cell Reports 45, 117841, August 25, 2026
Centrifugation:Article Title: Melatonin-incorporated brain extracellular matrix hydrogel enhances NSCs mitochondrial metabolism to promote neuroregeneration via the AMPK-PGC-1α-NRF1/TFAM axis after spinal cord injury
Article Snippet: .. After centrifugation, the cell pellet was resuspended in serum-free NSCs culture medium, consisting of DMEM/F12 (GIBCO, C11330500BT, USA) supplemented with 2% B27 (GIBCO, 12587010, USA), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (HYCLONE, SV30010, USA), 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; MCE, HY-P7004, China), and 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF; MCE, HY-P7109, China). ..
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