Journal: Psychopharmacology
Article Title: Marked sex differences are observed in heroin acquisition and affective states in rats but converge to similar levels of footshock stress-induced reinstatement
doi: 10.1007/s00213-025-06920-w
Figure Lengend Snippet: Males emit more “positive” 50 kHz USVs during acquisition of heroin self-administration compared to females, with call emission tied to infusion experience. a. 50 kHz USV emission during acquisition; analyzed on Mondays and Fridays over the course of self-administration. Boxed region indicates day of 50 kHz behavioral session call analysis performed in a’ and a”. n(♂) = 14, n(♀) = 17. a’. Timeline for behavioral session call analysis on Day 11 of acquisition. Call rates were examined before, during, and after heroin infusion, as well as non-specific calling outside of these contexts. Call rates were normalized based upon amount of time to allow for direct comparison (5s for before/after infusion; calculated based upon pump time during infusion; remaining time for non-specific calling derived from the above contexts). Note that while the figure illustrates the temporal structure of the analysis, individual calls are not visible due to the long timescale. a”. 50 kHz USV emission in relation to “infusion context”. Males call at significantly higher rates than females before and after infusions. Additionally, males call at significantly higher rates before and after heroin infusion compared to call rates outside of infusion contexts. n(♂) = 10, n(♀) = 16. b. 22 kHz USV emission during acquisition; analyzed on Mondays and Fridays over the course of self-administration. n(♂) = 14, n(♀) = 17. Error bars represent SEMs. * indicates p < 0.05 by post-hoc Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons. ** indicates main effects in two- or three-way ANOVA or post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons (p < 0.01). †† indicates p < 0.01 by post-hoc Tukey’s (Panel a, Male Anticipatory Calls vs. Male Behavioral Session Calls). †††† indicates p < 0.001 by post-hoc Tukey’s (Panel a, Male Anticipatory Calls vs. Male Behavioral Session Calls). ^^^^ indicates p < 0.001 by post-hoc Tukey’s (Panel a, Male Anticipatory Calls vs. Female Anticipatory Calls). INF = infusion. s = seconds
Article Snippet: 22- and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), reflecting negative and positive affective state, respectively, were recorded during a heroin self-administration and footshock stress-induced reinstatement model in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Techniques: Comparison, Derivative Assay
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