repeated measures, two-way analysis of varoiance (anova) or mixed effects model  (GraphPad Software Inc)

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Longitudinal Functional Assessment of Brain Injury Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Pulse Sequences

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Behavioral deficits after focused-ultrasound exposure in mice. ( A ) HIFU exposure at approximately the motor cortex significantly reduced the latency that a mouse stays on a rotating rod (32 rpm) compared with sham group from 2 hours to 1 month after treatments. (n = 8 in each group). ( B ) Focused ultrasound sonication at approximately frontal cortex area also impaired mice’s locomotor ability, manifested as reduced latency at the rotating rod. (n = 6 in each group). ( C ) Representative traveling traces of mice in the first 5 minutes of an OFT 2 hours after sham and HIFU treatments respectively. ( D ) Animals subjected to HIFU travelled remarkably less distance compared to those in the sham group at multiple time points post treatment, indicative of reduced spontaneous exploratory activity (top). Animals subjected to HIFU exposure stayed longer in the center of the arena, defined as the gray region in ( C ), compared with sham (bottom). (n = 8 in each group) (Data expressed as mean ± se, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Article Snippet: *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Techniques: Sonication, Activity Assay, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Longitudinal Functional Assessment of Brain Injury Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Pulse Sequences

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acutely altered PSD after injury on the ipsilateral hemisphere to HIFU. ( A ) PSD at 24 and 48 hours post treatment. Shaded areas represent SE. ( B ) Mice exposed to HIFU had significantly higher α/low-γ and β/γ ratios at 24 hour post injury compared to sham animals. (n = 4 in each group at each time point. *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Article Snippet: *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Longitudinal Functional Assessment of Brain Injury Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Pulse Sequences

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronically altered PSD on the contralateral hemisphere. ( A ) Relative PSD change compared to the baseline, calculated by dividing post-treatment relative PSD by that of the baseline. Baseline was the average of 4 pre-treament recordings. ( # p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, Friedman test and post-hoc Tukey test, n = 10 in each group at each time point). ( B ) Summary of the power spectral components that were significantly different from the baseline. ( C ) Change of PSD from 24 hour to chronic time windows post treatment. Note the gradual increase in low frequency oscillation and decrease in high frequency oscillation in sham animals, whereas relatively stable low frequency oscillations in injured animals. (n = 7 in sham group, and n = 8 in HIFU group). ( D ) Sham and injured animals showed significantly different trend of change in δ/β ratio from 24 hours to 14–24 weeks post treatment. (*p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]) (Shaded areas in ( A , C ) represent SE.)

Article Snippet: *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Longitudinal Functional Assessment of Brain Injury Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Pulse Sequences

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential chronic PSD changes between contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres. ( A ) On the contralateral hemisphere to the treatment, injured mice had significantly lower γ power at 14–24 weeks post HIFU compared to sham animals. (n = 10 in each contralateral group at each time point). ( B ) On the ipsilateral hemisphere, injured mice had significantly higher relative δ and higher δ/β ratio at 1–5 weeks, and 6–12 weeks after HIFU, and lower relative β at 6–12 weeks post injury. (n = 4 in each ipsilateral group at each time point). ( C ) Difference in the PSD between ipsilateral and contralateral groups at chronic time windows. It was calculated by dividing the mean PSD of the injured animals by that of the sham animals at the same time window. Note the higher low frequency oscillations on the ipsilateral side to the injury, whereas lower on the contralateral side. ( # p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Article Snippet: *p < 0.05, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).

Techniques: Comparison