human thp  (ATCC)

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: Immune profiling links autoimmune hepatitis to human herpesvirus 6 and relaxin receptor antigens

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250959

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum from AIH patients with anti-RXFP1 activity inhibits relaxin-2 signaling through RXFP1 in an IgG-dependent manner. (a) Putative structure of RXFP1, as depicted using ChimeraX; the region corresponding to the RXFP1 peptide identified by PhIP-seq is highlighted in red, along with annotation of functional domains (for schematic representation, see panel inset). (b) Assay of relaxin-2–induced induction of cAMP by RXFP1, in THP-1 cells preincubated with [1:100] dilution of patient serum negative (green) or positive (red) for RXFP1 antibodies; relaxin concentration, x axis; cAMP response reported as a percentage of untreated control signal, y axis. (c) Measurement of relaxin-2 EC50 in ng/μl (y axis) for patient serum negative (green) or positive (red) for RXFP1 antibodies. (d) Depletion of IgG using protein A-G beads (x axis, right) or mock-depleted serum (x axis, left) was performed prior to incubating THP-1 cells with patient serum at [1:250]; resultant impact on relaxin-2 signal was expressed as a percentage of untreated signal (y axis).

Article Snippet: THP-1 cells were obtained via ATCC and seeded at a density of 1 × 10 6 cells/well of a 96-well plate.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Functional Assay, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: REST-driven upregulation of SFXN3 promotes AML progression via Wnt/β-catenin activation and confers decitabine resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102705

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of SFXN3 Knockdown on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Signaling Pathways in AML Cells. (A–C) qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to measure SFXN3 expression levels in various leukemia cell lines (THP-1, KG-1, U937, K562) and in normal bone marrow stromal cells (HS-5). (D) Two independent shRNAs (sh-SFXN3–1 and sh-SFXN3–2) were used to knock down SFXN3 expression in THP-1 and KG-1 cells. Western blot was performed to assess the knockdown efficiency and specificity. (E) Quantification of SFXN3 knockdown efficiency by different shRNAs. (F) CCK-8 cell proliferation assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of SFXN3 knockdown on cell growth dynamics over time. (G) EdU incorporation assays were used to assess DNA synthesis activity, indirectly reflecting cellular proliferation, and to compare differences between knockdown and control groups, (bar=50ųm). (H) Western blot analysis of key cell cycle regulatory proteins (CDK4, CDK6, P27, and P21) to investigate the potential mechanism by which SFXN3 affects cell cycle progression. (I) TUNEL assays were used to evaluate apoptosis levels in the knockdown versus control groups, assessing the role of SFXN3 in apoptosis suppression, (bar=50ųm). (J) Western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX and BAK) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl) in THP-1 and KG-1 cells following SFXN3 knockdown. (K) Correlation analysis between SFXN3 expression and key proteins in the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. (L) Subcellular fractionation followed by Western blotting was performed to assess β-catenin nuclear translocation. Cytoplasmic (Cyto) and nuclear (Nuc) fractions were probed for β-catenin, with β-actin (cytoplasmic marker) and Histon H3 (nuclear marker) used to confirm fractionation quality. Data are presented as mean ± SD. from three independent experiments ( n = 3). One-way ANOVA was used in (A, B, E), and two-way ANOVA was used in (F). *, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The ATCC supplied the AML cell lines THP-1, KG-1, U937, and K562, and the stromal cell line HS-5.

Techniques: Knockdown, Protein-Protein interactions, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, CCK-8 Assay, DNA Synthesis, Activity Assay, Control, TUNEL Assay, Fractionation, Translocation Assay, Marker

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: REST-driven upregulation of SFXN3 promotes AML progression via Wnt/β-catenin activation and confers decitabine resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102705

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Agonist SKL2001 Reverses the Effects of SFXN3 Knockdown on Leukemia Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. (A) Western blot analysis of SFXN3 protein expression following SFXN3 knockdown and treatment with SKL2001, to assess whether SKL2001 significantly modulates SFXN3 expression. (B) CCK-8 assays were performed to evaluate whether SKL2001 could reverse the inhibitory effects of SFXN3 knockdown on the proliferation of THP-1 and KG-1 leukemia cells. (C) EdU staining assays were used to assess DNA synthesis activity, analyzing the ability of SKL2001 to restore proliferation suppressed by SFXN3 knockdown, (bar=50 ųm). (D) Quantitative analysis of EdU fluorescence intensity to evaluate DNA replication across different treatment groups. (E) Western blot analysis of cell cycle regulators CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E1 to determine whether SKL2001 rescues the expression of these proteins in SFXN3-silenced cells. (F) Western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX, BAK) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl) to confirm that SKL2001 mitigates the apoptosis-promoting effects of SFXN3 knockdown. (G) TUNEL assays were conducted to assess whether SKL2001 suppresses the enhanced apoptosis induced by SFXN3 knockdown, (bar=50ųm). (H) Quantification of TUNEL fluorescence intensity, reflecting apoptosis levels under different treatment conditions. (I) Subcellular fractionation followed by Western blotting was performed to assess β-catenin nuclear translocation. Cytoplasmic (Cyto) and nuclear (Nuc) fractions were probed for β-catenin, with β-actin (cytoplasmic marker) and Histon H3 (nuclear marker) used to confirm fractionation quality. Data are presented as mean ± SD. from at least three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used in (D, H), and two-way ANOVA was used in (B). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 vs. control or scramble group.

Article Snippet: The ATCC supplied the AML cell lines THP-1, KG-1, U937, and K562, and the stromal cell line HS-5.

Techniques: Knockdown, Western Blot, Expressing, CCK-8 Assay, Staining, DNA Synthesis, Activity Assay, Fluorescence, TUNEL Assay, Fractionation, Translocation Assay, Marker, Control

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: REST-driven upregulation of SFXN3 promotes AML progression via Wnt/β-catenin activation and confers decitabine resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102705

Figure Lengend Snippet: The REST–SFXN3 Axis Promotes Malignant Phenotypes in AML Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. (A) Western blot analysis of the effect of REST knockdown (sh-REST) on SFXN3 expression, and the reversal of this effect by SFXN3 overexpression. (B) CCK-8 assays assess the impact of sh-REST and SFXN3 overexpression on AML cell proliferation. (C) EdU incorporation assays evaluate the effects of sh-REST and SFXN3 overexpression on DNA synthesis activity in AML cells, (bar=50ųm). (D) Quantification of EdU-positive cells to compare DNA synthesis capacity across groups. (E) Western blot analysis of proliferation-related proteins CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E1 under sh-REST and SFXN3 overexpression conditions. (F) Band intensities were quantified using ImageJ software and normalized to the indicated internal controls. (G) TUNEL assays detect apoptotic cells after REST knockdown and SFXN3 overexpression, (bar=50ųm). (G) Quantitative analysis of apoptotic cells in THP-1 and KG-1 cell lines. (H) Quantification of TUNEL fluorescence intensity, reflecting apoptosis levels under different treatment conditions. (I) Western blot evaluation of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX, BAK) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl), demonstrating REST knockdown promotes apoptosis, which is reversed by SFXN3 overexpression. (J) Subcellular fractionation followed by Western blotting was performed to assess β-catenin nuclear translocation. Cytoplasmic (Cyto) and nuclear (Nuc) fractions were probed for β-catenin, with β-actin (cytoplasmic marker) and Histon H3 (nuclear marker) used to confirm fractionation quality. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments ( n = 3).One-way ANOVA was used in (D, F,H), and two-way ANOVA was used in (B). **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The ATCC supplied the AML cell lines THP-1, KG-1, U937, and K562, and the stromal cell line HS-5.

Techniques: Western Blot, Knockdown, Expressing, Over Expression, CCK-8 Assay, DNA Synthesis, Activity Assay, Software, TUNEL Assay, Fluorescence, Fractionation, Translocation Assay, Marker

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: REST-driven upregulation of SFXN3 promotes AML progression via Wnt/β-catenin activation and confers decitabine resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102705

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decitabine Suppresses AML Cell Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis via SFXN3 Inhibition. (A) RT-PCR analysis of the effects of Gefitinib, Disulfiram, and Decitabine on SFXN3 mRNA expression. (B) Western blot analysis of SFXN3 protein levels following treatment with Gefitinib, Disulfiram, and Decitabine. (C) CCK-8 assay to calculate the IC50 values of Decitabine in THP-1 and KG-1 cells, identifying appropriate drug concentrations for subsequent experiments (D) CCK-8 assays were performed to evaluate AML cell viability at 6,12,24,48, and 72 h following treatment with 50 nm decitabine, thereby determining the optimal treatment duration. E) EdU incorporation assay evaluating the proliferation capacity of AML cells after Decitabine treatment, (bar=50ųm). (F) Western blot analysis of proliferation-related proteins (P21, P27, CDK4, and CDK6) following Decitabine treatment. (G) TUNEL staining to detect DNA fragmentation at the 3′-OH ends, marking apoptotic cells after Decitabine exposure, (bar=50ųm). (H) Western blot analysis of pro-apoptotic (e.g., BAX, BAK) and anti-apoptotic (e.g., Bcl-2, Bcl-xl) protein expression in response to Decitabine. (I) Western blot analysis of key components of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway after Decitabine treatment, revealing pathway inhibition. Subcellular fractionation followed by Western blotting was performed to assess β-catenin nuclear translocation. Cytoplasmic (Cyto) and nuclear (Nuc) fractions were probed for β-catenin, with β-actin (cytoplasmic marker) and Histon H3 (nuclear marker) used to confirm fractionation quality. n = 3,Error bars indicate mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA in (D, F); **, p < 0.01, *** p <0.001.

Article Snippet: The ATCC supplied the AML cell lines THP-1, KG-1, U937, and K562, and the stromal cell line HS-5.

Techniques: Inhibition, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Western Blot, CCK-8 Assay, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Fractionation, Translocation Assay, Marker

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Targeting FN1 to overcome gemcitabine resistance in gallbladder cancer: Mechanistic insights and an iRGD-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticle delivery strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102877

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of FN1 knockdown on the immunosuppressive microenvironment in GBC-SD/GEM cells. Note: (A) Schematic of immunosuppressive cells and cytokines detection in tumor tissues; (B) FCM analysis of Tregs infiltration levels in GBC-SD/GEM cell xenograft tissues in various mouse groups; (C) FCM analysis of M2 and M1 macrophage infiltration levels in GBC-SD/GEM cell xenograft tissues from different mouse groups; (D-E) RT-qPCR analysis of immunosuppressive factors expression in GBC-SD/GEM cell xenograft tissues from various mouse groups; (F) Schematic of in vitro co-culture of GEM-resistant GBC cells with THP-1 and CD4 + T cells; (G) FCM analysis of Tregs levels in CD4 + T cells after co-culture with GBC-SD/GEM cells; (H) FCM analysis of M2 and M1 macrophage levels in THP-1 cells post co-culture with GBC-SD/GEM cells; (I) RT-qPCR analysis of IL-10 or CSF-1 expression in CD4 + T or THP-1 cells after co-culture with GBC-SD/GEM cells. In B-E, ∗ indicates p < 0.05 compared to the sh-NC + GEM group, each group consisting of 6 mice; in G-I, ∗ indicates p < 0.05 compared to the sh-NC group, # indicates p < 0.05 compared to the oe-NC group, experiments repeated three times.

Article Snippet: Human GBC cell lines NOZ (CC-Y1668) and GBC-SD (CC-Y1162) were obtained from Shanghai EK-Bioscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Human monocytic cells THP-1 (TIB-202) and 293T cells (CRL-3216) were purchased from the ATCC.

Techniques: Knockdown, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, In Vitro, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Targeting FN1 to overcome gemcitabine resistance in gallbladder cancer: Mechanistic insights and an iRGD-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticle delivery strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102877

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of NPs delivering si-FN1 on drug resistance and immune cell infiltration in GBC-SD/GEM cells. Note: (A) Schematic of the experimental setup for studying the impact of NPs delivering si-FN1 on GBC GEM resistance; (B-C) RT-qPCR (B) and Western Blot (C) analysis of FN1 and PI3K pathway protein expression in GBC-SD/GEM cells treated with NPs (si-FN1) and iRGD-NPs (si-FN1); (D) CCK-8 assay assessing the viability changes in GBC-SD/GEM cells after treatment with NPs (si-FN1) and iRGD-NPs (si-FN1); (E) Clonogenic assay evaluating colony formation in various groups of GBC-SD/GEM and NOZ/GEM cells; (F) FCM analysis of apoptosis in GBC-SD/GEM cells across different groups; (G) FCM analysis of Tregs levels in CD4 + T cells after co-culture with GBC-SD/GEM cells; (H) FCM analysis of M2 and M1 macrophage levels in THP-1 cells after co-culture with GBC-SD/GEM cells; (I) RT-qPCR analysis of IL-10 or CSF-1 expression in CD4 + T or THP-1 cells co-cultured with GBC-SD/GEM cells. ∗ indicates p < 0.05 compared to the NPs (si-NC) group, # indicates p < 0.05 compared to the NPs (si-FN1) group, experiments repeated three times.

Article Snippet: Human GBC cell lines NOZ (CC-Y1668) and GBC-SD (CC-Y1162) were obtained from Shanghai EK-Bioscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Human monocytic cells THP-1 (TIB-202) and 293T cells (CRL-3216) were purchased from the ATCC.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Expressing, CCK-8 Assay, Clonogenic Assay, Co-Culture Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Cell Insight

Article Title: TNF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cell-cell fusion through activating the SDC4-RhoA signaling to promote actin bundles formation

doi: 10.1016/j.cellin.2026.100310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Host factors secreted by innate immune cells early after activation inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced cell-cell fusion. (A) Luciferase assay showing the effect of supernatant from THP-1 cell cultures pretreated with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 (10 μM) and then stimulated with the TLR1/2 ligand Pam3CSK4 (1 μg/mL) for 3 h on spike protein-induced HEK293T cell-cell fusion. Serum-free RPMI 1640 served as the medium control. Data points represent mean ± SEM from six independent experiments; P values are indicated. (B) Immunoblot analysis of S2′ cleavage in fused cells treated with supernatant from MCC950-pretreated THP-1 cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for 3 h. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. (C) Luciferase assay showing the effect of supernatant from NLRP3-knockout THP-1 cell cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for 3 h on spike-induced HEK293T cell-cell fusion. Serum-free RPMI 1640 served as the control. Data points represent mean ± SEM from six independent experiments; P values are indicated. (D) Immunoblot analysis of S2′ cleavage in fused cells treated with supernatant from NLRP3-knockout THP-1 cell cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for 3 h. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. (E) Visualization of syncytium formation by ZsGreen fluorescence after treatment with supernatant from MCC950-pretreated THP-1 cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for 3 h. Images are representative of three independent experiments; white arrows indicate syncytia. Scale bar, 50 μm. (F) Visualization of syncytium formation by ZsGreen fluorescence after treatment with supernatant from NLRP3-knockout THP-1 cell cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for 3 h. Images are representative of three independent experiments; white arrows indicate syncytia. Scale bar, 50 μm. (G) Quantification of relative syncytium area (%) based on ZsGreen fluorescence images in (E). Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. P values are indicated above the bars. (H) Quantification of relative syncytium area (%) based on ZsGreen fluorescence images in (F). Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. P values are indicated.

Article Snippet: The human monocytic THP-1 cell line (TIB-202; ATCC) was authenticated via short tandem repeat (STR) analysis by Suzhou Genetic Testing Biotech Co., Ltd, following the ANSI/ATCC ASN-0002-2012 standard ( ; ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Luciferase, Control, Western Blot, Knock-Out, Fluorescence

Journal: Cell Insight

Article Title: TNF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cell-cell fusion through activating the SDC4-RhoA signaling to promote actin bundles formation

doi: 10.1016/j.cellin.2026.100310

Figure Lengend Snippet: TNF produced by innate immune cells early after activation inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike induced cell-cell fusion. (A) Luciferase assay showing the effect of recombinant IL-6 (10 ng/mL), IL-8 (10 ng/mL), or TNF (10 ng/mL) on spike-induced cell-cell fusion. PBS was used as the vehicle control. Data points represent mean ± SEM from four independent experiments; P values are indicated. (B) Luciferase assay showing the effect of supernatant from THP-1 cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for the indicated durations on cell-cell fusion in HEK293T cells pretreated with the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) (4 μg/mL). Data represent mean ± SEM from four independent experiments; P values are shown. (C) Immunoblot analysis of S2′ cleavage in IL-1RA-pretreated fused cells exposed to supernatant from THP-1 cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for the indicated durations. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. (D) ELISA quantification of IL-1β and TNF levels in supernatant from THP-1 cell cultures after stimulation with the indicated TLR ligand at the specified time points. Data represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. (E) Luciferase assay showing the effect of supernatant from THP-1 cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for the indicated durations on spike-induced fusion in HEK293T-sgcontrol and HEK293T-sgTNFR1 cells. Data points represent mean ± SEM from six independent experiments; P values are indicated. (F) Immunoblot analysis of S2′ cleavage in HEK293T-sgcontrol and HEK293T-sgTNFR1 fused cells treated with supernatant from THP-1 cell cultures stimulated with Pam3CSK4 for the indicated durations. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. (G) Luciferase assay showing the effect of supernatant from Pam3CSK4-stimulated THP-1 cell cultures on cell-cell fusion in IL-1RA-pretreated HEK293T-sgcontrol and HEK293T-sgTNFR1 cells. Data represent mean ± SEM from four independent experiments; P values are indicated. (H) Immunoblot analysis of S2′ cleavage in IL-1RA-pretreated HEK293T-sgcontrol and HEK293T-sgTNFR1 fused cells exposed to supernatant from Pam3CSK4-stimulated THP-1 cell cultures. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. (I–J) ELISA quantification of IL-1β and TNF levels in supernatant from THP-1 cell cultures under (I) MCC950 pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3, (J) NLRP3 knockout, after stimulation with the indicated TLR ligand at the specified time points. Data represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The human monocytic THP-1 cell line (TIB-202; ATCC) was authenticated via short tandem repeat (STR) analysis by Suzhou Genetic Testing Biotech Co., Ltd, following the ANSI/ATCC ASN-0002-2012 standard ( ; ).

Techniques: Produced, Activation Assay, Luciferase, Recombinant, Control, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Inhibition, Knock-Out

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Discovery of key regulators in classical monocyte phenotypes linked to COVID-19 severity using single-cell multi-omics sequencing

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.114849

Figure Lengend Snippet: JDP2 acts as an AP-1 family inhibitor in the severity-related sub-cluster CD163+ cMono (A) Dot plot showing the module scores of AP-1 family regulon target genes across cMono sub-clusters. Symbols (+/+) and (−/+) indicate activator and repressor regulons, respectively. Dot color represents the average module score of target genes within each regulon, while dot size reflects the percentage of cells in the sub-cluster expressing at least one gene from the corresponding gene set. (B) Dot plot summarizing the GO term analysis of AP-1 family activator regulon target genes. The left panel displays the top GO biological processes enriched among the AP-1 activator regulon target genes. Dot size indicates the number of genes associated with each GO term, and color represents statistical significance (-log10 adjusted p by Fisher’s exact test and Bonferroni). The right panel shows module scores of genes included in each GO term across cMono sub-clusters. (C) Venn diagram showing overlap between AP-1 regulons negative regulated genes and DEGs of CD163+ cMono. (D) Dot plot showing AP-1 family motif activity (Left) and their own expression (Right) across cMono sub-clusters. The left panel visualizes motif activity scores derived from chromatin accessibility data. The right panel shows the AP-1 family’s own expression. (E) Motif plots of FOS, JUNB, and JDP2. (F) Foot printing analysis of the JDP2 motif across cMono sub-clusters. The top panel shows Tn5 insertion enrichment centered around the JDP2 binding motif, with each line representing a distinct sub-cluster. The bottom panel displays the expected Tn5 insertion profile as a background. (G) UMAP embeddings of cMono sub-clusters simulating transcriptional dynamics after AP-1 family perturbation. Arrows indicate the predicted direction and magnitude of transcriptional state transitions after AP-1 family perturbation. Arrow shading indicates the magnitude of the simulated state change, with darker arrows indicating larger displacements. (H) JDP2 knockdown efficiency in THP-1 cells. Left: qPCR analysis shows significantly reduced JDP2 mRNA levels in shJDP2 cells compared to control (shCtrl) ( n = 3, ∗∗adjusted p < 0.01 by two-sided Student’s t test and Bonferroni). Bars represent mean ± SD. Right: western blot confirms decreased JDP2 protein expression upon knockdown, with GAPDH as a loading control. (I) Expression of AP-1 target genes in THP-1 cells following JDP2 knockdown. qPCR analysis shows significant upregulation of multiple AP-1 positively regulated genes in shJDP2 cells compared to shCtrl ( n = 3, statistical significance: ∗ adjusted p < 0.05, ∗∗ adjusted p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ adjusted p < 0.001 by two-sided Student’s t test and Bonferroni). Bars represent mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: THP-1 , ATCC , Cat# TIB-202, RRID: CVCL_0006.

Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay, Binding Assay, Knockdown, Control, Western Blot