Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Andrographolide alleviates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through suppressing PI3K/AKT1/RRM2-triggered oxeiptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.070

Figure Lengend Snippet: Upregulation of PI3K/AKT1 Pathway, RRM2, and oxeiptosis in type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). (A) Renal transmission electron micrographs of each groups in animal studies. Scale bar: 2 μm and zoomed scale bar: 500 nm. (B) Schematic illustration of the core scientific questions in this study. (C) Expression levels of CAT and GPX1 in animal experimental groups. (D) Quantitative analysis of CAT and GPX1 protein levels based on (C). (E) Hydrogen peroxide levels in renal tissues. (F) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in renal tissues. (G) Hydrogen peroxide levels in MDCK cells treated with 50 mM glucose (GLU) and the regulatory effects of andrographolide (AND). (H) ROS levels in MDCK cells treated with 50 mM GLU and the regulatory effects of AND. Scale bar: 100 μm. (I) Quantitative analysis of ROS levels based on (H). (J) Protein expression levels of PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2, and oxeiptosis-related proteins in renal tissues. (K) Quantitative analysis of target protein expression levels based on (J). (L) Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of p-AKT1 (PI3K/AKT1 pathway), RRM2, and oxeiptosis-related proteins. Scale bar: 200 μm. (M) Quantitative analysis of protein expression levels based on (L). (N) Expression profiles of oxeiptosis-related proteins in MDCK cells exposed to 50 mM GLU. (O) Quantitative analysis of oxeiptosis-related protein levels based on (N). (P) Effects of EUK-134 on oxeiptosis in MDCK cells treated with 50 mM GLU. (Q) Quantitative analysis of oxeiptosis-related protein levels based on (P). All data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3.

Article Snippet: Moreover, Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; HY-16658B, MCE, China) was used to inhibit pan-caspase activity, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; HY-15760, MCE, China) to inhibit necroptosis, and Hydroxyurea (HU; HY-B0313, MCE, China) to inhibit RRM2 enzymatic activity.

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Andrographolide alleviates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through suppressing PI3K/AKT1/RRM2-triggered oxeiptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.070

Figure Lengend Snippet: PI3K/AKT1 mediates H 2 O 2 -induced oxeiptosis, while andrographolide (AND) reverses hyperglycemia-triggered upregulation of PI3K/AKT1 signaling, RRM2, and oxeiptosis. (A) Effect of miltefosine on hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations in the PI3K/AKT1 signaling pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-associated proteins. (B) Quantitative analysis of protein levels shown in (A). (C) Phosphorylation kinetics of the PI3K/AKT pathway in response to H 2 O 2 . (D) Molecular docking between H 2 O 2 and PI3K. (E) Expression profiles of PI3K/AKT1 pathway components, RRM2, and oxeiptosis markers under 50 mM glucose (GLU) stimulation. (F) Quantitative analysis of protein levels shown in (E). (G) Pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD) and necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) fail to completely reverse apoptosis induced by H 2 O 2 -triggered oxeiptosis. (H) Apoptosis detection using Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in cells exposed to 50 mM GLU. (I) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (H). (J) GLU-induced mitochondrial co-localization and expression of AIFM1 (pS116). (K) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) expression from (J). (L) AND-mediated restoration of PI3K/AKT1 signaling, RRM2 levels, and oxeiptosis regulation under GLU stimulation. (M) Quantitative analysis of protein levels shown in (L). (N) AND-dependent attenuation of GLU-induced apoptosis detected by Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green. (O) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (N). (P) AND-mediated modulation of AIFM1 (pS116) expression and its co-localization with mitochondrial under GLU stress. (Q) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) expression from (P). (R) AND suppresses H 2 O 2 upregulation and modulates the high GLU-promoted PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis. Scale bar: 10 µM. All data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Moreover, Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; HY-16658B, MCE, China) was used to inhibit pan-caspase activity, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; HY-15760, MCE, China) to inhibit necroptosis, and Hydroxyurea (HU; HY-B0313, MCE, China) to inhibit RRM2 enzymatic activity.

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Staining

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Andrographolide alleviates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through suppressing PI3K/AKT1/RRM2-triggered oxeiptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.070

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of oxeiptosis by the PI3K/AKT1 pathway and RRM2 (A) Effect of AKT1 overexpression on 50 mM glucose (GLU)-modulated PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-associated proteins. (B) Quantitative analysis of protein levels in (A). (C) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining under AKT1 overexpression and GLU treatment. (D) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (C). (E) AKT1 overexpression modulates AIFM1 (pS116) phosphorylation and mitochondrial co-localization during GLU exposure. (F) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (E). (G) Impact of AKT1 knockdown on GLU-driven PI3K/AKT1 signaling, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis markers. (H) Quantitative analysis of protein levels in (G). (I) AKT1 knockdown attenuates GLU-induced apoptosis detected by Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green. (J) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (I). (K) AKT1 inhibition-mediated modulation of AIFM1 (pS116) expression and its co-localization with mitochondrial under GLU stress. (L) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (K). (M) Effect of RRM2 overexpression on 50 mM GLU-modulated PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-associated proteins. (N) Quantitative analysis of protein levels in (M). (O) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining under RRM2 overexpression and GLU treatment. (P) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (O). (Q) RRM2 overexpression modulates AIFM1 (pS116) phosphorylation and mitochondrial co-localization during GLU exposure. (R) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (Q). (S) Impact of RRM2 inhibition on GLU-driven PI3K/AKT1 signaling, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis markers. (T) Quantitative analysis of protein levels in (S). (U) RRM2 knockdown attenuates GLU-induced apoptosis detected by Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green. (V) Quantification of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (U). (W) RRM2 inhibition-mediated modulation of AIFM1 (pS116) expression and its co-localization with mitochondrial under GLU stress. (X) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (W). Scale bar: 10 µM. All data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Moreover, Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; HY-16658B, MCE, China) was used to inhibit pan-caspase activity, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; HY-15760, MCE, China) to inhibit necroptosis, and Hydroxyurea (HU; HY-B0313, MCE, China) to inhibit RRM2 enzymatic activity.

Techniques: Over Expression, Activity Assay, Expressing, Staining, Phospho-proteomics, Knockdown, Inhibition

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Andrographolide alleviates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through suppressing PI3K/AKT1/RRM2-triggered oxeiptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.070

Figure Lengend Snippet: High glucose (GLU) activates oxeiptosis through the PI3K/AKT1/RRM2 axis. (A) Interaction between RRM2 and AKT1 in HEK293T cells. (B) Protein-protein docking of RRM2 and AKT1. (C) Effects of RRM2 overexpression combined with Recilisib on the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-associated proteins under 50 mM GLU treatment. (D) Quantitative analysis of PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-related protein levels in (C). (E) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in RRM2-overexpressing cells treated with Recilisib and 50 mM GLU. (F) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (E). (G) RRM2 overexpression combined with Recilisib modulates AIFM1 (pS116) phosphorylation and mitochondrial co-localization during GLU exposure. (H) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (G). (I) Effects of RRM2 overexpression combined with Miltefosine on the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis markers under 50 mM GLU. (J) Quantitative analysis of PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-related protein levels in (I). (K) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in RRM2-overexpressing cells treated with Miltefosine and 50 mM GLU. (L) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (K). (M) RRM2 overexpression combined with Miltefosine regulates AIFM1 (pS116) expression and mitochondrial co-localization during 50 mM GLU treatment. (N) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels in (M). (O) Analysis of the interaction between RRM2 and KEAP1 in HEK293T cells. (P) Protein-protein docking of RRM2 and KEAP1. (Q) Effect of Hydroxyurea (HU) on the interaction between RRM2 and KEAP1. (R) Effect of HU on the expression of oxeiptosis-related proteins promoted by RRM2 overexpression and 50 mM GLU. (S) Quantitative analysis of the related protein levels from (R). (T) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in RRM2-overexpressing cells treated with HU and 50 mM GLU. (U) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive cells from (T). (V) High GLU induced oxeiptosis via the PI3K/AKT1 signaling pathway in an RRM2-dependent manner. Scale bar: 10 µM. All data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Moreover, Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; HY-16658B, MCE, China) was used to inhibit pan-caspase activity, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; HY-15760, MCE, China) to inhibit necroptosis, and Hydroxyurea (HU; HY-B0313, MCE, China) to inhibit RRM2 enzymatic activity.

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Activity Assay, Staining, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Andrographolide alleviates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through suppressing PI3K/AKT1/RRM2-triggered oxeiptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.070

Figure Lengend Snippet: Andrographolide (AND) inhibits hyperglycemia-induced oxeiptosis through dual suppression of PI3K/AKT1 and RRM2 and demonstrates enhanced potential for ameliorating type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) in combination with metformin (MET). (A) Effects of AND combined with AKT1 overexpression on the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-associated proteins under 50 mM glucose (GLU) treatment. (B) Quantitative analysis of PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-related protein levels from (A). (C) Effects of AND combined with si-AKT1 on the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis markers under 50 mM GLU. (D) Quantitative analysis of PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-related protein levels from (C). (E) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in cells treated with AND combined with AKT1 overexpression or si-AKT1 under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (F) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (E). (G) Effects of AND combined with AKT1 overexpression or si-AKT1 on AIFM1 (pS116) expression and mitochondrial co-localization under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (H) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels from (G). (I) Effects of AND combined with RRM2 overexpression or si-RRM2 on the PI3K/AKT1 pathway, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis markers under 50 mM GLU. (J) Quantitative analysis of PI3K/AKT1 pathway activity, RRM2 expression, and oxeiptosis-related protein levels from (I). (K) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in cells treated with AND combined with RRM2 overexpression or si-RRM2 under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (L) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (K). (M) Effects of AND combined with RRM2 overexpression or si-RRM2 on AIFM1 (pS116) expression and mitochondrial co-localization under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (N) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels from (M). (O) Schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism by which AND suppresses high glucose-induced oxeiptosis through dual inhibition of PI3K/AKT1 and RRM2. The AND + MET combination provided superior improvement in HOMA-IR (P) and fasting blood glucose levels (Q) compared to MET alone. (R) Representative images of kidney sections subjected to H&E staining (Scale bar: 50 µm; blue arrows indicate cellular vacuolization, green arrows indicate proteinaceous mucus, purple arrows indicate mesangial expansion), MASSON staining (Scale bar: 100 µm; black arrows indicate collagen fiber deposition), PAS staining (Scale bar: 50 µm; blue arrows indicate glycogen deposition), and PASM staining (Scale bar: 50 µm; blue arrows indicate glomerular basement membrane thickening). (S) Effect of the AND + MET combination on the oxeiptosis-related protein expression in renal tissues. (T) Relative quantification of oxeiptosis-related protein levels from (S). (U) Effect of the AND + MET combination on the oxeiptosis-relate protein expression in MDCK cells treated with 50 mM GLU. (V) Relative quantification of oxeiptosis-related protein levels from (U). (W) Apoptosis detection via Annexin V-mCherry/SYTOX Green staining in cells treated with AND combined with MET under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (X) Quantitative analysis of Annexin V-mCherry-positive expression from (W). (Y) Effects of AND combined with MET on AIFM1 (pS116) expression and mitochondrial co-localization under 50 mM GLU. Scale bar: 10 µM. (Z) Quantitative analysis of AIFM1 (pS116) levels from (Y). All data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Moreover, Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; HY-16658B, MCE, China) was used to inhibit pan-caspase activity, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1; HY-15760, MCE, China) to inhibit necroptosis, and Hydroxyurea (HU; HY-B0313, MCE, China) to inhibit RRM2 enzymatic activity.

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Activity Assay, Staining, Inhibition, Membrane, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: Cell Stress & Chaperones

Article Title: Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of replicative-senescent human foreskin fibroblasts under brief heat shock

doi: 10.1016/j.cstres.2026.100174

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of several senescence-associated proteins under HS conditions at 41 °C and 45 °C for 30 min in aged HFF-1 cells. (a) Detection of protein expression levels of GORAB, AURKB, RhoC, α-N-catenin, RRM2, AURKA, and PLK1 under 41 °C and 45 °C HS. Protein expression was quantified as fold-change relative to untreated controls (set to 1), normalized to GAPDH. (b) GORAB. (c) AURKB. (d) RhoC. (e) α-N-catenin. (f) RRM2. (g) AURKA. (h) PLK1. Representative blots were cropped only to improve presentation; the corresponding full-length, uncropped blots with molecular-weight markers and the associated GAPDH loading control are provided in Supplementary Figure S1 (the first lane corresponds to an unrelated sample and was not analyzed). Data are representative of three independent experiments, with results presented as mean ± SD. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001, compared with the control group.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against GORAB (Proteintech, Wuhan, China; 17798–1-AP; 1:1000), AURKA (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA; 14475T; 1:1000), AURKB (Cell Signaling Technology; 28711T; 1:1000), RhoC (Cell Signaling Technology; 3430T; 1:1000), RRM2 (Cell Signaling Technology; 65939T; 1:2000), PLK1 (Cell Signaling Technology; 4513T; 1:1000), α-N-catenin (Cell Signaling Technology; 2163T; 1:1000), and GAPDH (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; ab125247; 1:10,000) as the loading control.

Techniques: Expressing, Molecular Weight, Control

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Osteoblast-derived osteomodulin restrains osteoclastogenesis via ITGB8/RRM2-mediated reduction of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01682-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Volcano plot of all transcripts. Red dots indicate >2-fold change upregulation ( P < 0.05) among the control group, while blue dots indicate >2-fold change downregulation ( P < 0.05) among the control group. b The heat map illustrates the 20 most significantly differentially expressed genes between the control group and OMD-treated group. Red indicates upregulation, while blue indicates downregulation ( n = 3). c After a 1-day induction, the mRNA levels of Rrm2 were measured in both the treatment group (100 ng/ml recombinant OMD protein) and the control group using qRT–PCR ( n = 3). d , e After a 3-day induction, the protein levels of RRM2 were assessed by WB in BMMs treated with 100 ng/ml recombinant OMD protein and in the control group ( d ), followed by quantitative analysis of the protein ( e ) ( n = 3). f Effects of osalmid on BMMs viability at 48 h ( n = 6). g , h After a 4-day induction, TRAP staining was conducted on BMMs exposed to various concentrations of osalmid ( g ) followed by a quantitative analysis of the nuclei counts in TRAP-positive multinuclear cells ( h ) ( n = 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. i After a 1-day induction, the mRNA levels of osteogenic genes in BMMs treated with different concentrations of osalmid were assessed using qRT–PCR ( n = 3). j , k After a 3-day induction, the protein levels of osteogenic genes in BMMs treated with varying concentrations of osalmid were analyzed using WB ( j ), followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins ( k ) ( n = 3). l After treating BMMs with either a control vector or Rrm2 -overexpressing adenovirus, different treatments were administered, and the mRNA levels of osteogenic genes were quantified using qRT–PCR ( n = 3). m , n After a 4-day induction, TRAP staining was conducted on BMMs exposed to different treatments, followed by a quantitative analysis of the nuclei counts in TRAP-positive multinuclear cells ( n = 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. Experimental data for each quantitative analysis were replicated at least three times. Statistical significance was assessed using unpaired t -test ( c and e ) or one-way ANOVA ( f , h , i , k , l and n ).

Article Snippet: Adenovirus-mediated Rrm2 was purchased from GENECHEM.

Techniques: Control, Recombinant, Quantitative RT-PCR, Staining, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Osteoblast-derived osteomodulin restrains osteoclastogenesis via ITGB8/RRM2-mediated reduction of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01682-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Relative abundance of mitochondria determined by qPCR of mt-Co2Ⅱ DNA normalized to β-globin ( n = 3). b , c After a 3-day induction, the protein levels of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes were assessed by WB in BMMs treated with 20 μm osalmid and DMSO ( b ), followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins ( c ) ( n = 3). d Relative abundance of mitochondria determined by qPCR of mt-Co2Ⅱ DNA normalized to β-globin ( n = 3). e , f After treating BMMs with either a control vector or Rrm2 -overexpressing adenovirus, different treatments were applied, and 3 days post-osteoclastogenesis induction, the protein levels of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes were assessed by WB ( e ), followed by quantitative analysis of the protein ( f ) ( n = 3). g , h After a 3-day induction, OCR was measured ( g ), including detailed parameters such as basal respiration, maximal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, spare respiratory capacity, nonmitochondrial respiration and proton leak ( h ). i , j After a 3-day induction, ECAR was measured ( i ), including detailed parameters such as glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve ( j ). k After a 3-day induction, the ATP production rate was measured ( n = 3). Data represent mean ± s.e.m. Experimental data for each quantitative analysis were replicated at least three times. Statistical significance was assessed using unpaired t -tests ( a and c ) or one-way ANOVA ( d , f , h , j and k ).

Article Snippet: Adenovirus-mediated Rrm2 was purchased from GENECHEM.

Techniques: Control, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Osteoblast-derived osteomodulin restrains osteoclastogenesis via ITGB8/RRM2-mediated reduction of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production

doi: 10.1038/s12276-026-01682-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The MS of integrin β8 (ITGB8). b Predicted interactions between OMD and ITGB8 based on the GeneMANIA database. c The detailed interaction network between OMD and ITGB8. The key residues of OMD (in blue) and ITGB8 (in green) are displayed as sticks, with residue chain identifiers indicated. Dashed yellow lines represent hydrogen bonds, and dashed red lines indicate π–π interactions, with distances labeled. d Representative immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of OMD/ITGB8 in BMMs treated with 100 ng/ml OMD. Scale bar, 5 μm. e HEK-293T cells were transfected with Flag-OMD, HA-ITGB8 or Flag-OMD and HA-ITGB8. Flag immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting as outlined. f , g After treating BMMs with either control siRNA or si- Itgb8 , different treatments were applied, and 3 days after osteoclastogenesis induction, the protein levels of osteoclastogenesis markers, RRM2 and ITGB8 were assessed by WB ( f ), followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins ( g ) ( n = 3). h , i After a 4-day induction, TRAP staining was conducted on BMMs exposed to different treatments ( h ), followed by a quantitative analysis of the nuclei counts in TRAP-positive multinuclear cells ( i ) ( n = 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. j , k The levels of total and phosphorylated proteins in multiple signaling pathways at indicated time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 min) following OMD treatment were assessed by WB ( j ), followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins ( k ) ( n = 3). l RhoA-GTP levels were measured by ELISA following OMD treatment ( n = 3). m The occupancy of TEAD at the Rrm2 promoter was assessed by ChIP ( n = 3). n BMMs were transfected with control siRNA or si- Itgb8 and subsequently subjected to the indicated treatments; total and phosphorylated YAP levels were analyzed by WB ( n = 3). o After a 4-day induction, TRAP staining was conducted on BMMs exposed to different treatments ( n = 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. Data represent mean ± s.e.m. Experimental data for each quantitative analysis were replicated at least three times. Statistical significance was assessed using unpaired t -tests ( k – m ) and one-way ANOVA ( g and i ).

Article Snippet: Adenovirus-mediated Rrm2 was purchased from GENECHEM.

Techniques: Residue, Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Transfection, Western Blot, Control, Staining, Protein-Protein interactions, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay