resistance arteries  (ADInstruments)

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Measurement of PVAT stripe width and PVAT adipocyte diameter. Panel (A) shows an image of a section of small intestine from a male Sprague-Dawley rat on Control diet that has been pinned to a Sylgard pad and imaged as described in the text. The scale bar in Panel A = 10 mm. PVAT stripe width around second and third order mesenteric resistance arteries was measured as indicated in the figure. Panel ( B ) shows a transmitted light image of mesenteric PVAT that was used to measure PVAT adipocyte diameter as indicated in the figure. The scale bar in Panel B = 100 μm.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Image analysis protocol. Panels A and B show maximum-intensity z-projections of TH-immunofluorescence (green) of image stacks from the surface of a mesenteric resistance artery (A) and PVAT (B) as indicated from a male Sprague-Dawley rat on control diet. The z-projections are shown overlaid over transmitted light images of the artery and PVAT for reference. After background subtraction, the images were converted to binary (black and white) using the IsoData threshold in ImageJ and the Area Fraction (% of area occupied by white pixels) computed as an index of TH-positive nerve density. The scale bars (50 μm) shown in the left images in Panels A and B also applies to the binary images. See text for additional information.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: High fat feeding increases the size of mesenteric PVAT adipocytes in male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Panel (A) show images of mesenteric PVAT stripes around resistance arteries and veins removed from a control fed and high fat fed rat after 16 weeks on diet as indicated. The scale bar in the right image applies to both images. Panel (B) shows means ± SE (n = 3 rats per group) PVAT stripe width (p-value from, unpaired t-test). Panels (C,D) show transmitted light images of PVAT adipocytes from control and high-fat-fed rats as indicated. The scale bars in Panels (C,D) are 100 μm. Panel (E) shows the distribution of adipocyte diameters for control and high-fat fed animals. Panel (F) shows summary means ± SE (n = 3 rats per group) for adipocyte diameters (p-value from unpaired t-test).

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images of tyrosine hydroxylase- and CD-31-labeling in PVAT and tyrosine hydroxylase on mesenteric resistance arteries of male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Panels (A,C,E,G,I,K) show fluorescence images of PVAT (A,C,G,I) or mesenteric resistance arteries (E,K) stained for tyrosine hydroxylase ( (A,E,G,K) – green fluorescence) or CD-31 ( (C,I) – red fluorescence) in a sample from control fed (A,C,E) or high fat fed (G,I,K) rats. Images in (A,C,E,G,I,K) are maximum intensity z-projections of z-stacks. Brightness and contrast were adjusted for display purposes only. Panels (B,D,F,H,J,L) show the corresponding thresholded images after background subtraction and median filtering that were used for quantification of the labeling density. Panels (A,B,G,H) show the typical low level of TH-staining observed in PVAT, Whereas TH was readily detected in mesenteric resistance arteries (E,F,K,L) and CD-31 was easily detected in PVAT (C,D,I,J) . The scale bar in Panel B is 100 μm and applies to all panels in the figure.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Labeling, Fluorescence, Staining, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: TH-immunofluorescence is sparse in mesenteric PVAT in male Sprague Dawley Rats and high fat feeding decreases CD-31 labeling in PVAT. Panels A–C show summary means ± SE (n = 3 rats per group) % of image area occupied by white pixels for mesenteric resistance arteries (A) and mesenteric PVAT (B,C) labeled for TH (A,B) or CD-31 (C) for control and high fat-fed rats as indicated. P-values from unpaired t-tests.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: TH-labeling in mesenteric PVAT. Panel (A) shows mesenteric PVAT TH immunofluorescence (green) from a male Dahl-SS rat (paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue) overlaid on a transmitted light image of PVAT showing an example of the occasional adipocyte associated with TH-positive nerves. Panel (B) is also from a male Dahl-SS rat (paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue) showing TH-Positive nerves (green) encompassing a small arteriole. Dashed lines show the approximate location of the arteriole that branches at about its midpoint. Note that there were no other TH-labeled structures associated with the other adipocytes shown in the image. Panel C shows an example of a TH-positive nerve fiber (green) tracking a CD-31 positive blood vessel (red) in PVAT from a male Sprague-Dawley rat (paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue). The white arrow in Panel (C) points to the TH-positive nerve (green). Panel (D) shows an image from a female Dahl-SS rat (ethanol-based fixation) showing a small arteriole labeled for CD-31 (red) with associated TH-positive nerves (green) noted by the white arrow. The green arrow points to a TH-positive nerve (green) that appeared to branch from the nerves associated with the arteriole. The red arrows point to several of the CD-31-stained capillaries (red) that were labeled in this image. Note that other than the nerve indicated by the white arrow at the top of the image, no other TH-positive structures were associated with the rest of the adipocytes shown in the image. Panel (E) shows a zoomed imaged of TH-stained nerves (green and yellow) and CD-31-stained blood vessels in PVAT from a control diet-fed male Dahl-SS rat. The green arrow points to a TH-positive nerve passing over adipocytes and not associated with blood vessels. The yellow arrows point to TH-positive nerves that are tracking CD-31-positive blood vessels. The scale bars in panels (A,B,D,E) are 100 μm. The scale bar in panel C is 50 μm.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Adipocytes adjacent to mesenteric resistance arteries are near high densities of TH-positive nerves. Panel (A) is a z-projection of TH-immunofluorescence (green) on the surface of a mesenteric resistance artery from a male Dahl-SS rat that was paraformaldehyde-fixed and overlaid on transmitted light image of the vessel and adjacent PVAT. The first row of adipocytes overlies the nerves on the surface of the artery, whereas adipocytes farther away from the vessel do not appear to be associated with TH-immunofluorescence. Panel (B) is a similar image of the surface of a mesenteric resistance artery (ethanol-based fixation) from a female Dahl-SS rat fed a high-fat diet showing TH labeling on the vessel surface (green fluorescence) and CD-31-labeled endothelial cells (red labeling under the TH-positive nerves in green) as well as microvessels on the surface of the vessel and out in the adjacent PVAT (highlighted by yellow arrow). The green arrows point to TH-positive nerves that pass from the mesenteric resistance artery and appear associated with a few adipocytes. The yellow arrow points to a CD-31-positive blood vessel not associated with TH-staining. The scale bars in Panels A and B are 100 μm.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: High fat diet did not increase body weight or PVAT stripe width in Dahl-SS rats. Panels (A,B) show representative images of mesenteric PVAT in control and high-fat-fed Dahl-SS rats. The scale bar in each image is 2 cm. Panel (C) shows summary mean ± SE PVAT stripe widths for male and female, control and high-fed Dahl-SS rats (n = 5). There was a tendency for males to have larger PVAT stripes than females, but this did not attain statistical significance by two-way ANOVA (p = 0.0767 for Sex, p = 0.9106 for Diet and p = 0.5187 for Sex X Diet interaction). Panel (D) shows mean ± SE body weights for male and female, control and high-fed Dahl-SS rats (n = 5). Brown-Forsythe test revealed significant heterogeneity of variance (p = 0.0111). Log10 transform of the data correct this issue (Brown-Forsythe test p = 0.2176). Three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures in the time on diet factor on the log10-transformed data revealed a significant effect of time on diet (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.0001) and a significant time on diet X sex interaction (p < 0.0001). Diet (p = 0.6978), time on diet X diet interaction (p = 0.2749), diet X sex interaction and time on diet X diet X sex interaction (p = 0.7411) were not significant. Males weighed more than females at both 10 and 16 weeks on diet.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Control, Transformation Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: High fat diet increases adipocyte diameter in male Dahl-SS rats. Panels (A,B) show representative transmitted light images of mesenteric PVAT from male and female Dahl-SS rats fed with control (A) or high-fat (B) diets as indicated (scale bars = 100 μm). Panels (C,D) show the distributions of adipocyte diameters for all data. Panel E shows summary mean ± SE adipocyte diameters for male and female, control and high fat-fed Dahl-SS rats (n = 5). Two-way ANOVA indicated significant Sex (p < 0.0001) and Diet (p = 0.0163) effects with no significant Sex X Diet interaction (p = 0.0969). The high fat diet significantly increased adipocyte diameter only in males and the diameter of adipocytes was significantly greater in males compared to females as indicated. P-values shown are from Fisher’s LSD after 2-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images for TH and CD-31 staining in mesenteric PVAT from Dahl-SS rats. Images (A,C,E,G,I,K,M,O) are maximum intensity z-projections of z-stacks with contrast and brightness adjusted for display purposes only. Images (B,D,F,H,J,L,N,P) are the thresholded images used for quantification of label density after background subtraction and median filtering. Panels (A,C,I,K) show the typical low level of TH labeling (green fluorescence) in rat mesenteric PVAT from males and females fed either control or high fat diets as indicated. Images (E,G,M,O) show typical CD-31 labeling (red fluorescence) in the same image stack as for the TH images. Scale bar in Panel B is 100 μm and applies to all images in this figure.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Staining, Labeling, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: TH-positive nerves are sparsely distributed in Dahl SS mesenteric PVAT when analyzed as % of image area. Data are means ± SE (n = 5) % of image area occupied by labeled structures for TH (Panels A–C) for the surface of mesenteric resistance arteries (A) , whole-mounts of small intestine (B) and mesenteric PVAT (C) as indicated and for CD-31 for intestines (D) and mesenteric PVAT (E) for samples from both male and female rats fed control or high-fat diets. The legend shown in bottom left Panel applies to all other panels in the figure. Data were statistically analyzed by 3-way ANOVA with primary antibody (with or without), sex (male or female) and diet (control or high fat) as the main treatments. For TH-staining for all tissues (Panels A–C) and for both TH and CD-31 (Panels E and F), the ANOVAs indicated significant Antibody effects (p < 0.0001) with no significant sex or diet effects and no significant interactions (p > 0.05 – see for exact p-values). The p-values shown in the figure refer to comparisons between means using Śídák’s multiple comparison test after a significant (p < 0.05) ANOVA result. The group variances for the data shown in Panel A were significantly different by the Brown-Forsythe test (p = 0.0097). Square-root transformation eliminated this issue (Brown-Forsythe p-value after transformation = 0.1043) and the p-values shown in Panel A were computed on the square-root transformed data.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Labeling, Control, Staining, Comparison, Transformation Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Sympathetic nerves are sparsely distributed in rat mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1547785

Figure Lengend Snippet: TH-positive nerves are also sparsely distributed in Dahl S mesenteric PVAT when analyzed as total length by NeuronJ. Data are mean ± SE (n = 5) length (μm) of labeled structures for TH (Panels (A–C) ) and CD-31 (Panels (D–E) ). The legend shown in the bottom left Panel applies to all other panels in the figure. As in , data were statistically analyzed by 3-way ANOVA with primary antibody (with or without), sex (male or female) and diet (control or high fat) as the main treatments with exact p-values shown in . The p-values shown in the figure refer to comparisons between means using Śídák’s multiple comparison test applied after significant (p < 0.05) ANOVA results. The group variances for the data shown in Panels A and B were found to be significantly different by the Brown-Forsythe test (p-value for Panel A = 0.0292 and for Panel B = 0.0080). Application of a square-root transformation eliminated this issue (p-value after transformation for Panel A = 0.3812 and for Panel B = 0.0818). The p-values shown in Panels A and B were computed on the square-root transformed data.

Article Snippet: In mesenteric resistance artery PVAT from male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was also a significant increase in the width of the PVAT “stripe” around these resistance arteries which we interpret as an increase in adiposity.

Techniques: Labeling, Control, Comparison, Transformation Assay