pparγ  (Proteintech)

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Therapeutic activation of PPARα contributes to NOTCH1 inhibition in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-05045-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chiglitazar activates PPARα and exerts cytotoxic effects on T-ALL cell lines in vitro. ( A ) Western blot analysis showing that chiglitazar treatment dose-dependently enhances PPARα protein expression in Jurkat and Molt4 cells, without significantly affecting PPARγ levels. ( B - C ) CCK-8 assay ( B ) and trypan blue staining ( C ) showing the viability and proliferation of Jurkat and Molt4 cells treated with increasing concentrations of chiglitazar at 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating dose- and time-dependent inhibition. ( D ) EdU incorporation assays confirming significantly reduced cell proliferation in Jurkat and Molt4 cells following 24 h of chiglitazar treatment. ( E ) Flow cytometry analysis of the cell cycle revealing that chiglitazar treatment for 24 h induces G0/G1 phase arrest in T-ALL cells. ( F ) Colony formation assays showing a significant reduction in the colony-forming ability of Jurkat and Molt4 cells treated with indicated concentrations of chiglitazar and cultured for 14 days. (G-H) Flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/PI staining demonstrates that chiglitazar treatment for 24 h induces apoptosis in Jurkat and Molt4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Data are presented as mean ± SD (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001)

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: PPARα (Abcam); PPARγ (ABclonal); GAPDH (HUABIO); NOTCH1 (Abcam); NICD (Cell Signaling Technology); RPBJK (Abcam); Hes1 (Cell Signaling Technology); Hey1 (ABclonal); Bcl-2 (Cell Signaling Technology); Bcl-XL (Cell Signaling Technology); C-Myc (Cell Signaling Technology); STAT3 (Cell Signaling Technology); p-STAT3 (Cell Signaling Technology); Lamin B1 (Cell Signaling Technology); β-Tubulin (Proteintech).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Analysis, Expressing, CCK-8 Assay, Staining, Inhibition, EdU Assay, Flow Cytometry, Colony Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A foam cell-targeted lipophagy restoration strategy stabilizes vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.041

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of OPN-HMCN@MLT. ( A ) The study commenced with the synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCN) functionalized with an OPN-binding peptide and hyaluronic acid to construct the OPN-HMCN nanoplatform. The OPN-binding peptide was designed to recognize OPN enriched in the extracellular matrix and on the surface of foam cells, thereby enabling selective accumulation in OPN-rich pathological regions. Following OPN recognition, OPN-HMCN@MLT undergoes CD44-dependent endocytosis. Melatonin (MLT), a lipid autophagy–promoting agent, was subsequently encapsulated within the nanocarrier to form OPN-HMCN@MLT. Firstly, the released MLT can bind to and upregulate the expression of PPARα and PPARγ, which then promote the expression of downstream genes (ABCA1, ABCG1, ACOX-1, and CTP1A) and trigger the lipophagy. ( B ) Subsequently, its lipophagy-enhancing effects, including ABCA1/G1-mediated cholesterol efflux and CTP1A/ACOX-1-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, were studied to confirm the reversal of foam cell formation. ( C ) These effects eventually promote foam cells to reverse into macrophages. Abbreviations: MCN, mesoporous carbon nanoparticle; OPN, osteopontin; MLT, melatonin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PA, Photoacoustic.

Article Snippet: To block nonspecific binding, membranes were incubated with 5% skim milk for 1 h. Thereafter, membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against ABCA1, ABCG1, ACOX1, CPT1A, LC3 (ab192890, 1:2000, abcam), LAMP1 (84658-5-RR, 1:8000, Proteintech), PPARα (66826-1-Ig, 1:3000, Proteintech), PPARγ (66936-1-Ig, 1:10000, Proteintech), P62 (18420-1-AP, 1:10000, Proteintech), MCAD (55210-1-AP, 1:3000, Proteintech), LCAD (17526-1-AP, 1:10000, Proteintech), tubulin (80762-1-RR, 1:10000, Proteintech), GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 1:50000, Proteintech), and β-actin (66009-1-Ig, 1:20000, Proteintech).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Construct, Expressing

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Physical Exercise Enhances Melatonin Effect in D-Galactose/Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease of Ovariectomized Rats: Irisin Induction Associated with Upregulation of PPAR-γ/IGF-1/BDNF and Decreasing TNF-α/p38-MAPK/NLRP3/GFAP Pathway

doi: 10.3390/ph19050770

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of MTN (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and PHE, alone or in combination, on PPAR-γ protein expression and IGF-1 content in OVX/AD rats. ( A ) Photomicrographs of the hippocampus subiculum sections immunostained with PPAR-γ, scale bar = 50 μm (200×) (black arrows represent the number of positive neurons of hippocampal PPAR-γ). ( B ) Number of positive neurons of hippocampal PPAR-γ, and ( C ) hippocampal content of IGF-1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4 and 6 for PPAR-γ and IGF-1, respectively). Statistical analysis was conducted by GraphPad Prism, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer as a post hoc test for multiple comparison; (***) p ≤ 0.001, (****) p ≤ 0.0001. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ANOVA: analysis of variance; IGF-1: insulin growth factor; MTN: melatonin; OVX: ovariectomized; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PHE: physical exercise.

Article Snippet: Four 4 μm thick formalin-fixed paraffin slices of hippocampi were prepared and incubated for immunostaining according to the procedures of [ , ] for the subsequent primary antibodies: Aβ, 1:100 (ABClonal, Woburn, MA, USA, Cat No: A17911); PPAR-γ, 1:100 dilution (ABClonal, Woburn, MA, USA, Cat No: A0270); and BDNF, 1:100 dilution (Servicebio, Wuhan, China, Cat No: GB11559).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: RNA-seq identifies ABCC5 as a potential key downstream effector of PPARγ in HS. (A) Volcano plot illustrating differentially expressed genes between the WT + HS and PPARγ-OE + HS groups. (B) GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between the WT + HS and PPARγ-OE + HS groups. (C) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs between the WT + HS and PPARγ-OE + HS groups. (D) Heatmap displaying expression changes of ABC transporter family members across the indicated groups. (E) Measurement of cellular free fatty acids and triglycerides in cells under the indicated treatments. (F) RT-qPCR analysis of PPARγ mRNA expression in PPARγ NC + HS and PPARγ OE + HS cells. (G) RT-qPCR analysis of selected ABC transporter genes (ABCC5, ABCB1A, ABCC6, TAP2, ABCA6, ABCB4, ABCC10, ABCA2, ABCG4, ABCA1, ABCA8A, ABCA9, ABCB2, ABCB7, and ABCA3) under the specified conditions. Error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the PPARγ-NC + HS group (E–G). Statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t-test (F–G) or one-way ANOVA (E).

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-dependent changes in ABCC5 expression in vivo. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of ABCC5 (green) and DAPI (blue) in cardiac tissues from sham mice and from mice subjected to HS at the indicated time points after injury. (B) Representative immunohistochemical staining of ABCC5 in cardiac tissues from sham and HS-injured mice. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of Leptin mRNA in cardiac tissues after 2.5 h or 3 weeks of heat injury. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of ABCC5 in cardiac sections from PPARγ-cKO mice after HS). (E–F) Representative immunofluorescence images of PPARγ and ABCC5 in cardiac sections from PPARγ-cKO mice at 3 weeks after HS). Error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the sham group (B–C). Statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t-test (B) or one-way ANOVA (C).

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: ABCC5 siRNA abolishes the cardioprotective effects of PPARγ overexpression against HS ​. (A) Luciferase activity in cells co-transfected with ABCC5 wild-type or mutant (Mut1/2/3) reporter plasmids and adenovirus expressing PPARγ. (B) CUT&Tag assay using a PPARγ-specific antibody to detect PPARγ binding to the ABCC5 promoter. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of ABCC5 mRNA in cells transfected with control siRNA or ABCC5 siRNA. (D – F) Cell morphology and viability in cells transfected with ABCC5 siRNA and/or PPARγ overexpression vector under HS conditions. (G – H) Apoptosis levels measured by flow cytometry in cells transfected with ABCC5 siRNA and PPARγ-OE under HS conditions. (I – J) DCFH-DA staining for ROS detection in cells transfected with ABCC5 siRNA and PPARγ-OE under HS conditions. (K – L) Mitochondrial membrane potential assessed by JC-1 fluorescence in the indicated groups. (M) Western blot analysis of PPARγ, ABCC5, ABCC1, Leptin, and β-actin (loading control) in cells treated as follows: PPARγ-NC + HS, PPARγ-OE + HS, and PPARγ-OE + ABCC5 siRNA + HS. Molecular weight markers are shown on the right. (N) Quantification of protein levels normalized to β-actin, corresponding to the blots in (M). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the indicated control, PPARγ + ABCC5 group (A–B), control siRNA group (C), PPARγ-NC + HS group, PPARγ-OE + HS group, or PPARγ-OE + ABCC5 siRNA + HS group (D–L), or versus the PPARγ-NC + HS group and PPARγ-OE + HS group (M − N). Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: Over Expression, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Expressing, Binding Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Membrane, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Molecular Weight

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: The PPARγ/ABCC5 pathway alleviates lipid accumulation in HS-injured mice ​. (A – D) Cardiac sections from sham mice and from mice at indicated time points after HS were stained with HE (A) , PSR (B) , Masson's trichrome (C) , or Oil Red O (D) (n = 3 per group). (E) Serum levels of HDL-C and LDL-C in sham mice and in mice 3 weeks after HS (n = 6–7 per group). Error bars represent mean ± SD. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the sham group. Statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t-test.

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rosiglitazone pretreatment alleviates HS-induced myocardial injury via the PPARγ/ABCC5 pathway in HL-1 cells ​. (A – C) Cell viability and morphology in cells treated with different concentrations of rosiglitazone (5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM) under HS conditions. (D – E) Apoptosis levels in cells treated with different concentrations of rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (F–I) DHE staining (F) and DCFH-DA staining (I) for ROS detection in cells treated with different concentrations of rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (J – K) Mitochondrial membrane potential assessed by JC-1 fluorescence in the indicated groups. (L) RT-qPCR analysis of PPARγ, ABCC5, Leptin, and SREBP-1c in cells treated with different concentrations of rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (M – N) Representative Western blots and quantification of PPARγ, ABCC5, ABCC1, ABCG1, ABCA1, and Leptin in cells treated with different concentrations of rosiglitazone under HS conditions. Error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the control group or the HS group. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: Staining, Membrane, Fluorescence, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone confers pharmacological protection against HS-induced myocardial dysfunction ​. (A – C) Cell viability and morphology in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (D – E) Apoptosis levels measured by flow cytometry in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (F) LDH release in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (G – H) DCFH-DA staining for ROS detection in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (I – J) Mitochondrial membrane potential assessed by JC-1 fluorescence in the indicated groups. (K) RT-qPCR analysis of PPARγ and CPT1β mRNA in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. (L) Representative Western blots and quantification of PPARγ, ABCC5, PGC-1α, and PPARγ in cells transfected with PPARγ siRNA and pretreated with rosiglitazone under HS conditions. Error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001 versus the control group, the HS group, or the ROSI + HS group as indicated. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: Transfection, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Membrane, Fluorescence, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PPARγ contributes to cardioprotection against heat stroke through ABCC5-dependent lipid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104113

Figure Lengend Snippet: The proposed scheme describing the signaling pathway of PPARγ/ABCC5-elicted cardioprotective effect against HS.

Article Snippet: For immunofluorescence, tissues and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and blocked with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. Sections and cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against PPARγ (Proteintech, 66936-1-1g) and ABCC5 (Bioss, bs-1437R), followed by incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (Invitrogen EVOS M5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and fluorescence intensity was quantified with ImageJ Pro Plus software.

Techniques: