optic atrophy 1 opa1  (Novus Biologicals)

Journal: Journal of Sport and Health Science

Article Title: Influence of diet-induced obesity and voluntary exercise training on cardiac lipids and mitochondrial function in mice

doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101095

Figure Lengend Snippet: Voluntary exercise alters left ventricle gene and protein expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in high fat- and chow-fed mice. (A) Western blot analysis to assess purity of crude mitochondria isolation where left ventricle mitochondrial pellet expresses mitochondrial marker TOM70 and COXIV and supernatant expresses calnexin. Protein expression of (B) LCLAT1 and (C) MFN2 in left ventricle-isolated crude mitochondria and (D) LCLAT1, (E) PGC-1α, and (F) MFN2 in left ventricle tissue from male VET or sedentary mice fed an HFD or chow diet. Left ventricle mRNA expression of (G) OPA1 and (H) DRP1 in male VET or sedentary mice fed an HFD or chow diet. Values were calculated relative to 18S housekeeper. Calnexin and β-actin were used as internal controls of protein loading in left ventricle samples and COXIV as internal control of protein loading in crude mitochondria samples. Analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. (B–C) n : 5–6 per group. (D–F) n = 7 per group. (G and H) n = 9 per group. CE = chow exercise; CS = chow sedentary; COXIV = cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4; DRP1 = dynamin-related protein 1; HE = high fat diet exercise; HFD = high fat diet; HS = high fat diet sedentary; LCLAT1 = lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1; MFN2 = mitofusin-2; OPA1 = optic atrophy 1; PGC-1α = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α; TOM70 = translocase of outer mitochondria membrane 70; VET = voluntary exercise training.

Article Snippet: The following TaqMan assay gene transcripts were used: fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3, Mm02342495_m1), platelet glycoprotein 4 (CD36, Mm00432403_m1), beta myosin heavy chain (β-MHC, Mm00600555_m1), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, Mm01255747_g1), OPA1 (Mm01349707_g1), DRP1 (Mm01342903_m1), robosomal18S (18S, Mm03928990_g1).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Isolation, Marker, Control, Membrane

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: Rhynchophylline rewires DLAT lipoylation via conformational control to reverse mitochondrial bioenergetic collapse against dopaminergic neuronal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2026.06.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rhy enhances mitochondrial function by promoting mitochondrial fusion. (A) Representative fluorescent images of mitochondria stained with Mito-tracker Red in PC12 cells. (B) Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial networks in PC12 cells using the MiNA plugin for ImageJ ( n = 5 images). (C) Mitochondrial morphology in primary midbrain neurons visualized by Mito-tracker Red. (D) Mitochondrial network parameters quantified by MiNA analysis in primary midbrain neurons ( n = 5 images). (E) High-resolution imaging of mitochondrial inner membranes using PKmito Orange (PKMO) microscopy. (F) Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of mitochondrial ultrastructure. (G) Mitochondrial membrane potential quantification by JC-1 ratio (Red/Green) in PC12 cells and primary midbrain neurons, n = 3 independent experiments. (H) Cellular ATP levels determined using ATPlite™ luminescence assay ( n = 3). (I) Western blotting analysis of DRP1, p-DRP1 Ser616 , p-DRP1 Ser637 , MFN2 and OPA1 levels, following 6-OHDA (150 μmol/L) and Rhy treatment (1, 2, 5 μmol/L), n = 3 independent experiments. The data are presented as mean ± SD. Multiple group comparisons were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Article Snippet: Membrane were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST (1 h, room temperature), and then incubated with primary antibodies (overnight, 4 °C) against DLAT (Proteintech, 13426-1-AP); DRP1 (Biodragon, RM8248); p-DRP1 Ser616 (Biodragon, BD-PP1318); p-DRP1 Ser637 (Biodragon, BD-PP0841); OPA1 (MCE, HY- P80255 ); MFN2 (Biodragon, BD-PT2740); GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig); TH (Santa Cruz, sc-14007); Lipoic acid (Santa Cruz, sc-101354); VMAT2 (Santa Cruz, sc-390,285); HA (Solarbio, K200003M), SIRT2 (Abways, CY5865); SIRT4(Proteintech, 66543-1-Ig); LIAS (Proteintech, 11577-1-AP); AMPK α (Biodragon, RM1159); p-AMPK α (Biodragon, RM0088); p-STAT3 (Abmart, TC52210); p-EGFR (Abmart, PC1644); KIF5B(Abclonal, A20928); KIF5C(Biodragon, BD-PN3289); KIF1B(Biodragon, BD-PN4193).

Techniques: Staining, Imaging, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Membrane, Luminescence Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: Rhynchophylline rewires DLAT lipoylation via conformational control to reverse mitochondrial bioenergetic collapse against dopaminergic neuronal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2026.06.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: DLAT mediates Rhy-induced mitochondrial fusion regulation. (A) Experimental workflow for identifying potential targets of Rhy using thermal proteome profiling (TPP) strategy. (B) Volcano plot of TPP results and screening strategy for Rhy's anti-PD targets. (C) Schematic representation of the target screening and prioritization pipeline. (D) Western blotting analysis showing Rhy-regulated mitochondrial dynamics proteins (OPA1, p-DRP1 Ser637 ) in control versus DLAT-KO cells ( n = 3). (E, F) Representative confocal images (E) and quantification (F) of mitochondrial networks visualized by Mito-tracker Red ( n = 3 fields). (G) Super-resolution microscopy images of mitochondrial cristae structures labeled with PKmito Orange (PKMO), n = 3 images. (H, I) TMRE staining reveals mitochondrial membrane potential alterations ( n = 5 fields). The data are presented as mean ± SD. Multiple group comparisons were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Article Snippet: Membrane were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST (1 h, room temperature), and then incubated with primary antibodies (overnight, 4 °C) against DLAT (Proteintech, 13426-1-AP); DRP1 (Biodragon, RM8248); p-DRP1 Ser616 (Biodragon, BD-PP1318); p-DRP1 Ser637 (Biodragon, BD-PP0841); OPA1 (MCE, HY- P80255 ); MFN2 (Biodragon, BD-PT2740); GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig); TH (Santa Cruz, sc-14007); Lipoic acid (Santa Cruz, sc-101354); VMAT2 (Santa Cruz, sc-390,285); HA (Solarbio, K200003M), SIRT2 (Abways, CY5865); SIRT4(Proteintech, 66543-1-Ig); LIAS (Proteintech, 11577-1-AP); AMPK α (Biodragon, RM1159); p-AMPK α (Biodragon, RM0088); p-STAT3 (Abmart, TC52210); p-EGFR (Abmart, PC1644); KIF5B(Abclonal, A20928); KIF5C(Biodragon, BD-PN3289); KIF1B(Biodragon, BD-PN4193).

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Super-Resolution Microscopy, Labeling, Staining, Membrane

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: Rhynchophylline rewires DLAT lipoylation via conformational control to reverse mitochondrial bioenergetic collapse against dopaminergic neuronal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2026.06.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rhy ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction via suppression of the DLAT–SIRT4 axis in PD mice. (A) Representative transmission electron microscope images illustrating mitochondrial ultrastructure in substantia nigra neurons. (B, C) Protein levels of mitochondrial dynamics markers (DRP1, p-DRP1 Ser616 , p-DRP1 Ser637 , MFN2, OPA1) in SN tissues were analyzed by Western blotting ( n = 3). (D, E) Immunofluorescence co-staining demonstrating reduced DLAT–SIRT4 colocalization in substantia nigra following Rhy treatment ( n = 3). The data are presented as mean ± SD. Multiple group comparisons were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Article Snippet: Membrane were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST (1 h, room temperature), and then incubated with primary antibodies (overnight, 4 °C) against DLAT (Proteintech, 13426-1-AP); DRP1 (Biodragon, RM8248); p-DRP1 Ser616 (Biodragon, BD-PP1318); p-DRP1 Ser637 (Biodragon, BD-PP0841); OPA1 (MCE, HY- P80255 ); MFN2 (Biodragon, BD-PT2740); GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig); TH (Santa Cruz, sc-14007); Lipoic acid (Santa Cruz, sc-101354); VMAT2 (Santa Cruz, sc-390,285); HA (Solarbio, K200003M), SIRT2 (Abways, CY5865); SIRT4(Proteintech, 66543-1-Ig); LIAS (Proteintech, 11577-1-AP); AMPK α (Biodragon, RM1159); p-AMPK α (Biodragon, RM0088); p-STAT3 (Abmart, TC52210); p-EGFR (Abmart, PC1644); KIF5B(Abclonal, A20928); KIF5C(Biodragon, BD-PN3289); KIF1B(Biodragon, BD-PN4193).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Microscopy, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: A dual-responsive CO-releasing nanogel ameliorates retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and attenuating cGAS-STING pathway activation

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102974

Figure Lengend Snippet: COPN restores mitochondrial quality control and interrupts the ROS‒cGAS‒inflammation axis in OGD/R-treated R28 cells. a , TEM images showing changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure of R28 cells subjected to various treatments (PBS, PDNs, COPN-L, and COPN-H) after OGD/R. Scale bar: 500 nm b , Quantitative analyses of mitochondrial length and number in R28 cells as indicated in a . c , Representative fluorescence images showing JC-1 staining of the mitochondrial Δψm: aggregates (red) indicate healthy mitochondria, whereas monomers (green) represent depolarized mitochondria. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm d , Intracellular ATP content assay revealing improved energy production after COPN treatment under OGD/R stress conditions. e , mRNA expression analysis of mitochondrial dynamic regulatory genes (Opa1, Mfn2, Drp1, and Fis1) and mitochondrial DNA transcription levels (mt-ND1 and mt-COX1). f , Quantitative analysis of the JC-1 fluorescence ratio (aggregates/monomers) and mitochondrial ROS levels (MitoSOX staining). g–h , Western blot analysis of proteins involved in mitochondrial autophagy (Pink1, Parkin, and P62) (g) and mitochondrial fusion/fission (Opa1, Mfn2, Mfn1, Drp1, and Fis1) (h) . i , Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of mitochondria (green, MitoTracker) and lysosomes (red, LysoTracker) in R28 cells after different treatments. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm ∗ ∗∗∗P < 0.0001. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: Drp1 (CST, #8570, 1:1000, ∼80 kDa), Fis1 (Proteintech, 10956-1-AP, 1:1000, ∼17 kDa), Mfn1 (Abcam, ab104274, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), Mfn2 (CST, #9482, 1:1000, ∼86 kDa), Opa1 (CST, #80471, 1:1000, ∼100–120 kDa), Pink1 (CST, #6946, 1:1000, ∼63 kDa), cGAS (CST, #15102, 1:1000, ∼60 kDa), STING (CST, #13647, 1:1000, ∼42–45 kDa), TBK1 (CST, #3013, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), p-TBK1 (CST, #5483, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), COX IV (Abcam, ab14744, 1:2000, ∼17 kDa), β-actin (Proteintech, 66009-1-Ig, 1:5000, ∼43 kDa), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:5000, After washing, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG, CST, 1:5000) for 1 h at room temperature.

Techniques: Control, Fluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Multidirectional fatty acid (FA) trafficking pathways between lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria. Terms: FAO, fatty acid oxidation; NG497, an ATGL inhibitor; Triacsin C, an inhibitor of long FA acyl-CoA synthetase. (B) BODIPY 493/503-labeled LDs detected via confocal microscopy before and after 6-h incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C in wildtype (WT) and OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from whole cells are shown. Dashed lines mark cell boundary. (C) Quantification of BODIPY 493/503-positive LD content as described in (B). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 99–161 cells). n.s., no significance, **P ≤ 0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (D) Quantification of monodansylpentane (MDH)-positive LD content in WT, OPA1 KO, and OPA1-expressing OPA1 KO U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by 10 µM Triacsin C incubation for 6 h. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 81–115 cells). n.s., no significance, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (E) Subcellular localization of TopFluor (TF)-OA and TOM20-Halo (JF646) detected via confocal microscopy in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells treated with 20 µM DGAT1 and DGAT2 inhibitors. MIP confocal images from three axial slices (∼0.6 µm total thickness) are shown. (F) Quantification of the intensity of peripheral mitochondria (mito) of TF-OA as described in (E) and in cells pretreated with 10 µM Triacsin C, 1 µM BODIPY-linoleic acid (LA), or 1 µM NBD-arachidonic acid (AA). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 38–50 cells). n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (G) Scintillation counts per minute (CPM) for complete 14 C-OA oxidation in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells under control and Triacsin C-treated conditions. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown. n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (H) Concentration of cholesterol-ester (CE), diacylglycerol (DAG), triglyceride (TAG), and monoacylglycerol (MAG) in steady-state WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells determined via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mean ± standard deviation from four replicates are shown. n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, as assessed by unpaired t -test. (I) Variance in acyl-carnitine levels across acyl-chain length in steady-state WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mean ± standard deviation from four replicates are shown. n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by unpaired t -test.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Confocal Microscopy, Incubation, Knock-Out, Standard Deviation, Expressing, Control, Concentration Assay, Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Diagram illustrating the generation of OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells via CRISPR-genome editing. Sequencing data validating OPA1 KO is shown in the top right, and deleted OPA1 genome sequences are represented as dashed lines highlighted in red. (B) Western blot analysis of OPA1, ATGL, DGAT1, and GAPDH in wildtype (WT) and OPA1 KO U2OS cells -/+ overnight 100 µM oleic acid (OA) treatment. (C) Immunostaining of endogenous OPA1 and TOM20 in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells detected by confocal microscopy. Maximal intensity projected confocal images from whole cells with min-max intensity range (gray boxes) are shown. (D) Western blot analysis of OPA1 and GAPDH in HeLa cells transfected with scramble siRNA (siCtrl) or OPA1 siRNA. (E) Western blot analysis of OPA1 and GAPDH in WT and OPA1 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) -/+ overnight 100 µM OA treatment. (F) Western blot analysis of HSL, CGI-58, and GAPDH in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells -/+ overnight 100 µM OA treatment.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Knock-Out, CRISPR, Sequencing, Western Blot, Immunostaining, Confocal Microscopy, Transfection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) BODIPY 493/503-positive area in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight followed by 10 µM Triacsin C incubation in the presence of 10 µM NG497 (NG) or 5 µM Lalistat 2 (LALi) for 6 h. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 129–148 cells). For statistics in panels A–E, n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (B) BODIPY 493/503-positive area in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by 6-h co-incubation of 10 µM Triacsin C and 10 µM H89. (C) BODIPY 493/503-positive area in HeLa cells transfected with scramble siRNA (siCtrl) or OPA1 siRNA (siOPA1) treated with 100 µM OA overnight before 6-h incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 107–122 cells). (D) BODIPY 493/503-positive area in WT and OPA1 knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with 100 µM OA overnight before 6-h incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 83–105 cells). (E) BODIPY 493/503-positive area in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by 20-h incubation in glucose-free Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 79–87 cells). (F and G) Levels of (F) glycerophospholipids and (G) sphingolipids in steady-state WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mean ± standard deviation from four replicates are shown. For statistics in panels F and G, n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, as assessed by unpaired t -test. Abbreviations: PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; CER, ceramide; DCER, dihydroceramide; HCER, hexosylceramide; LCER, lactosylceramide; SM, sphingomyelin.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Incubation, Standard Deviation, Transfection, Knock-Out, Modification, Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Localization of OPA1-YFP (lentiviral), mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), and lipid droplets (LDs; labeled with MDH) in U2OS cells -/+ overnight 100 µM oleic acid (OA) treatment. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. Cyan arrowheads indicate area with LDs. (B) Relative enrichment of MitoTracker and OPA1 on LDs from (A) and in cells treated with 100 µM linoleic acid (LA) or arachidonic acid (AA) overnight. Mean ± standard deviation from 3–5 independent experiments are shown (total of 43–74 cells). n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, assessed by one-way ANOVA. (C) Subcellular localization of endogenous OPA1 on mitochondria (anti-TOM20) and LDs labeled by BODIPY 493/503 in an OA-treated U2OS cell monitored with confocal microscopy. Sum of confocal images from five axial slices (∼1.2 µm in total thickness) are shown. (D) Relative intensity profiles of OPA1, TOM20, and BODIPY measured along the white-dashed arrow from lower left panel in (C). (E) Western blot analysis of endogenous OPA1, PLIN 2 (an LD protein), and PHB 2 (a mitochondrial inner membrane protein) in sucrose-gradient cellular fractionations from U2OS cells treated with 500 μM OA. (F) Correlative confocal-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of OPA1 on LDs and in mitochondria in OPA1-mhYFP–expressing U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Confocal and SEM images from a single axial slice are shown. EM, electron microscopy. Inset outlined in blue is shown in . (G) Subcellular distribution of inducible OPA1 (iOPA1)-YFP on LDs (BODIPY 665/676) and in mitochondria (MitoTracker Red) in OPA1 KO U2OS cells following treatment with 4 µg/mL doxycycline for 4 h. Confocal images from a single axial slice are shown. Cyan arrowheads indicate regions containing LDs. (H) Fraction of cells with iOPA1 localized to indicated organelle as described in (G). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown. (I) Localization of OPA1-YFP, mitochondria (MitoTracker Deep Red), LDs (MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA and 20 µM FCCP (an uncoupler of mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation) overnight detected by confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (J) Relative enrichment of OPA1 on LDs in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA -/+ 20 µM FCCP for overnight in (I). Mean ± standard deviation from four independent experiments are shown (total of 57–73 cells). **P ≤ 0.01, as assessed by unpaired t -test.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Standard Deviation, Confocal Microscopy, Western Blot, Membrane, Electron Microscopy, Expressing, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Localization of OPA1-YFP (lentiviral), mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), and lipid droplets (LDs, labeled with MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM linoleic acid (LA) or 100 µM arachidonic acid (AA) overnight. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (B) Localization of OPA1-YFP, mitochondria (MitoTracker Deep Red), and LD (MDH) in HeLa and Huh7 cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight, detected with confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. Cyan arrowheads indicate area with LDs. ( C ) Inset from the correlative confocal-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image in , outlined in blue, showing OPA1-mhYFP localization in mitochondria in a U2OS cell treated with 100 µM OA overnight. (D) Subcellular localization of endogenous OPA1 (anti-Opa1) on mitochondria (anti-TOM20) and LDs (BODIPY 493/503) in a U2OS cell treated with 100 µM OA and 20 µM FCCP (an uncoupler of mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation) overnight and monitored via confocal microscopy. Sum of confocal images from five axial slices (∼1.2 µm total thickness) are shown. (E) Relative intensity profiles of OPA1, TOM20, and BODIPY measured from lower right panel in (D), indicated by white-dashed arrows. (F) Properties of representative mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs) for mitochondrial protein import. Asterisk indicates the predicted import velocity of the OPA1 MTS. Max μH, maximal helical hydrophobic moment. (G) Correlation between the amphiphilicity of MTS and the protein import velocity from (F). (H) Localization of truncated YFP-tagged OPA1 fragments (frag.), mitochondria (labeled with TOM20-Halo; JF646), and LDs (MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Constructs expressing full-length and truncated OPA1, as well as summary of their primary subcellular localizations. Amino acid number and protein domains are indicated. MTS, mitochondria targeting sequence; GED, GTPase effector domain; LD, lipid droplet; mito, mitochondria. (B) Localization of OPA1 ΔMTS -YFP, mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), and lipid droplets (LDs; labeled with MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (C) Relative enrichment of OPA1 ΔMTS from (B) and OPA1 on LDs in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 48–55 cells). ****P ≤ 0.0001, as assessed by unpaired t -test. (D) Amphipathic helix structure of exon 4 as predicted by AlphaFold. Cyan and yellow indicate polar and non-polar amino acids, respectively, and black arrows indicate location of residues for mutagenesis. (E) Localization of YFP-tagged exon 4 in MDH-stained U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (F) Correlative confocal-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of exon 4 on LDs in exon 4-mhYFP expressing U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Confocal and SEM images from a single axial slice are shown. (G) Localization of exon 4 mutants relative to LDs (MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. LFAA, a double mutation of L156 and F169 to alanines. (H) Relative enrichment of exon 4 and mutants (described in E and G), as well as PLIN 2-GFP on LDs in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Mean ± standard deviation from two or three independent experiments are shown (total of 30–52 cells). ****P ≤ 0.0001, ***P ≤ 0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (I) Localization of OPA1 and OPA1 LFAA , mitochondria (MitoTracker Deep Red), and LD (MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (J) Relative enrichment of OPA1 and OPA1 LFAA from (I) on LDs in cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 63–65 cells). ****P ≤ 0.0001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Construct, Expressing, Sequencing, Labeling, Confocal Microscopy, Standard Deviation, Mutagenesis, Staining, Electron Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Percentage of OPA1 exon 4 inclusion and exclusion, representing OPA1 isoform 1 and isoform 2, respectively, across various human tissues analyzed from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Raw data and median values with quartile ranges are shown. (B) Profiling of OPA1 exon 4 inclusion (incl.) and exclusion (excl.) from cDNA of HeLa and U2OS cells. (C) Localization of OPA1-YFP or OPA1 iso2 -YFP, mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), and lipid droplets (LDs; labeled with MDH) in HeLa cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) -/+ 20 µM FCCP (an uncoupler of mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation) overnight and detected by confocal microscopy. Maximal intensity projected confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm in total thickness) are shown. (D) Relative enrichment of OPA1 and OPA1 iso2 on LDs as described in (C). Mean ± standard deviation from three-four independent experiments are shown (total of 31–42 cells). Yellow dashed line indicates the relative enrichment of OPA1 on LDs in U2OS cells as described in . n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (E) BODIPY-positive LD content in siCtrl and siOPA1 4-5 junc transfected HeLa cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C for 6 h. Mean ± standard deviation from four independent experiments are shown (total of 107–122 cells). n.s., no significance, **P ≤ 0.01, as assessed by one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Expressing, Labeling, Phospho-proteomics, Confocal Microscopy, Standard Deviation, Transfection, Incubation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Localization of OPA1 iso2 -YFP, mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), lipid droplets (LDs; labeled with MDH) in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) -/+ 20 µM FCCP (an uncoupler of mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation) overnight detected by confocal microscopy. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (B) Relative enrichment of OPA1 iso2 as described in (A) and OPA1 on LDs in U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 43–51 cells). n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (C) Subcellular distribution of inducible OPA1 iso2 (iOPA1 iso2 )-YFP on LDs (BODIPY 665/676) and mitochondria (MitoTracker Red) in OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells following 4 µg/mL doxycycline treatment for 4 h. Confocal images from a single axial slice are shown. (D) Fraction of cells with iOPA1 iso2 localized to indicated organelle as described in (C). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown. (E) Design of an siRNA targeting the OPA1 exon 4–exon 5 junction for selective depletion of isoform 1. (F and G) Levels of (F) OPA1 isoform-specific mRNA or (G) protein in U2OS cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs. Mean ± standard deviation from two or three independent experiments are shown in (F). (H) Relative BODIPY-positive area indicating LD content in siCtrl and siOPA1 4-5 junc transfected U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by 10 µM Triacsin C incubation for 6 h. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 90–101 cells). n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Phospho-proteomics, Confocal Microscopy, Standard Deviation, Knock-Out, Transfection, Incubation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Western blot analysis of endogenous ATGL, HSL, and PLIN 2 in sucrose-gradient cellular fractionations from wildtype (WT) and OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells treated with 500 μM oleic acid (OA). (B) ATGL and HSL abundance in lipid droplet (LD) fractions normalized to PLIN2 as described in (A). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown. **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by unpaired t -test. (C) Localization of ATGL S47A-Halo and LDs (labeled with BODIPY-493/503) in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (D) Relative enrichment of endogenous PLIN 2 (detected by immunostaining), ATGL S47A -Halo, and mApple-CGI-58 on LDs from , and , respectively. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 72–74 cells for ATGL S47A -Halo; total of 50-52 cells for PLIN 2, and total of 34–46 cells for mApple-CGI-58). n.s., no significance, **P ≤ 0.01, as assessed by unpaired t -test. (E) Relative enrichment of ATGL S47A -Halo on LDs in OPA1 KO U2OS cells and OPA1 KO cells reconstituted with lenti-OPA1-YFP or lenti-OPA1 LFAA -YFP. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 56–60 cells). For statistics in panels E and F, n.s., no significance, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (F) MDH-positive LD content in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells, as well as OPA1 KO cells reconstituted with lenti-OPA1-YFP or lenti-OPA1 LFAA -YFP. Cells were treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by 6-h incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 71–97 cells).

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Western Blot, Knock-Out, Standard Deviation, Labeling, Immunostaining, Incubation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Localization of endogenous PLIN 2 on lipid droplets (LDs) labeled with BODIPY-493/503 in wildtype (WT) and OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells treated with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (B) Localization of mApple-CGI-58 and LDs labeled with BODIPY-493/503 in WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells treated with 100 µM OA overnight. MIP confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (C–E) Two-dimensional ‘mitochondria analyzer’ analysis of mitochondrial morphology and connectivity measuring (C) form factor, (D) total branch length, and (E) branch junction in MitoTracker DeepRed–stained WT and OPA1 KO U2OS cells -/+ overnight 100 µM OA treatment. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 74–100 cells). For panels C–E, n.s., no significance, ****P ≤ 0.0001, ***P ≤ 0.001, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Knock-Out, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) A schematic illustrating two-dimensional (2D) analysis of mitochondrial morphology and connectivity using the Fiji plugin, ‘Mitochondria-Analyzer’. Representative MitoTracker DeepRed images (maximal intensity projected confocal images from three axial slices; 0.6 µm in thickness) from OPA1 knockout (KO) U2OS cells and the corresponding analyses are shown. (B–D) Two-dimensional analysis of mitochondrial morphology and connectivity measuring (B) form factor, (C) total branch length, and (D) branch junction in MitoTracker DeepRed-stained OPA1 KO U2OS cells and OPA1 KO U2OS cells reconstituted with lenti-OPA1-YFP or lenti-OPA1 LFAA -YFP. Mean ± standard deviation from three or four independent experiments are shown (total of 80–133 cells). n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Black asterisks represent comparisons with OPA1 KO, and purple asterisks represent the indicated comparison.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Knock-Out, Staining, Standard Deviation, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Alternative organelle targeting of OPA1 mediates fatty acid release from lipid droplets

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.07.723579

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Amphipathic helix structures and hydrophobicity distributions of exon 4 and exon 4 S158N, predicted by AlphaFold and illustrated in ChimeraX. Cyan and yellow indicate polar and non-polar amino acids, respectively, and arrows denote locations of indicated residues. (B) Localization of YFP tagged OPA1 or OPA1 S158N (lentiviral), mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker Deep Red), and lipid droplets (LDs; labeled with MDH) in U2OS cells treat with 100 µM oleic acid (OA) overnight. Maximal intensity projected (MIP) confocal images from four axial slices (∼1 µm total thickness) are shown. (C) Relative enrichment of OPA1 on LDs in U2OS cells as described in (B). Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 50-60 cells). **P ≤ 0.01, assessed by unpaired t -test. (D) MDH-positive LD content in wildtype (WT) and OPA1 KO U2OS cells, and in OPA1 KO cells reconstituted with lenti-OPA1-YFP or lenti-OPA1 S158N -YFP. Cells were treated with 100 µM OA overnight followed by incubation with 10 µM Triacsin C 6 h. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments are shown (total of 63-83 cells). (E–G) Two-dimensional analysis of mitochondrial morphology and connectivity via measuring (E) form factor, (F) total branch length, and (G) branch junction in MitoTracker DeepRed-stained OPA1 KO U2OS cells and OPA1 KO cells reconstituted with lenti-OPA1-YFP or lenti-OPA1 S158N -YFP. Mean ± standard deviation from 3-4 independent experiments are shown (total of 55-83 cells). For panels D-G, n.s., no significance, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, assessed by one-way ANOVA. (H–J) Clinical data was mined from the St. Jude LIFE database to assess (H) body fat percentage, (I) blood triacylglycerol levels, and (J) blood cholesterol levels in patients with different S158N genotypes. (K) Proposed model of OPA1’s functions and impacts on LDs and mitochondria depending on its alternative targeting and its implication in human metabolic outcomes. OPA1-mediated lipase recruitment to LDs is indicated with a dashed arrow. Abbreviations: FAO, fatty acid oxidation; MTS, mitochondria targeting sequence.

Article Snippet: U2OS cells (HTB-96), HeLa (CCL-2) cells, and OPA1 KO MEFs (CRL-2995) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Huh7 (JCRB0403) cells were purchased from the Japanese Cancer Research Bank.

Techniques: Labeling, Standard Deviation, Incubation, Staining, Sequencing