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mv1lu cells  (ATCC)


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    Structured Review

    ATCC mv1lu cells
    Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) <t>Mv1Lu;</t> ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.
    Mv1lu Cells, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 520 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/mv1lu+cells/Mv+1+Lu/pmc12671118-133-0-2
    Average 95 stars, based on 520 article reviews
    mv1lu cells - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques"

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02571-25

    Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) Mv1Lu; ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) Mv1Lu; ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Techniques Used: Fluorescence, Microscopy

    Examples of cytopathic effects with various viruses on each cell combo developed. ( A ) MNT1/H292 negative control, ( B ) HCoV-OC43 on MNT1/H292, ( C ) Mv1Lu/A549 negative control, ( D ) HRSV-B on Mv1Lu/A549, ( E ) Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK negative control, ( F ) HPIV-1 on Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK, ( G ) Caco-2/MRC5 negative control, ( H ) HCoV-229E on Caco-2/MRC5, ( I ) BHK-21/L929 negative control, ( J ) adenovirus on BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×10; scale bars indicate 400 µm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Examples of cytopathic effects with various viruses on each cell combo developed. ( A ) MNT1/H292 negative control, ( B ) HCoV-OC43 on MNT1/H292, ( C ) Mv1Lu/A549 negative control, ( D ) HRSV-B on Mv1Lu/A549, ( E ) Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK negative control, ( F ) HPIV-1 on Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK, ( G ) Caco-2/MRC5 negative control, ( H ) HCoV-229E on Caco-2/MRC5, ( I ) BHK-21/L929 negative control, ( J ) adenovirus on BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×10; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Techniques Used: Negative Control

    Respiratory virus growths on each cell combo developed. ( A ) Combo MNT1/H292; ( B ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( C ) combo VE6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( D ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( E ) combo BHK21/L929. Dashed line indicates significant growth (3.3 Ct that is a proxy of a 1.0 log 10 variation). Ct, real-time PCR cycle threshold value; HCoV, human coronavirus; HPIV, human parainfluenza virus; HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Respiratory virus growths on each cell combo developed. ( A ) Combo MNT1/H292; ( B ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( C ) combo VE6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( D ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( E ) combo BHK21/L929. Dashed line indicates significant growth (3.3 Ct that is a proxy of a 1.0 log 10 variation). Ct, real-time PCR cycle threshold value; HCoV, human coronavirus; HPIV, human parainfluenza virus; HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

    Techniques Used: Virus, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Related Articles

    other:

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques
    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC-CCL-64) were associated with A549 cells (ATCC-CCL-185) to create the second combo, which we named Mv1Lu/A549.

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques.
    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC-CCL-64) were associated with A549 cells (ATCC-CCL-185) to create the second combo, which we named Mv1Lu/A549.

    Article Title: Remdesivir increases mtDNA copy number causing mild alterations to oxidative phosphorylation.
    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC) were grown in high glucose (25 mM) DMEM media (Gibco) with 10% FBS (Gibco), 1% HEPES (Gibco), 1% sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids (Gibco) and 1% L-Glutamine (Gibco).

    Generated:

    Article Title: Continuous In-Line Virus Inactivation for Next Generation Bioprocessing.
    Article Snippet: 1 Research Article Continuous In-Line Virus Inactivation for Next Generation Bioprocessing† Christopher Gillespie1 Melissa Holstein1 Lori Mullin1 Kristen Cotoni1 Ronald Tuccelli1 John Caulmare1 Patricia Greenhalgh1 1MilliporeSigma, Bedford, MA, USA Correspondence: Christopher Gillespie, Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730, United States.. E-mail: christopher.gillespie@emdmillipore.com

    Modification:

    Article Title: Continuous In-Line Virus Inactivation for Next Generation Bioprocessing.
    Article Snippet: 1 Research Article Continuous In-Line Virus Inactivation for Next Generation Bioprocessing† Christopher Gillespie1 Melissa Holstein1 Lori Mullin1 Kristen Cotoni1 Ronald Tuccelli1 John Caulmare1 Patricia Greenhalgh1 1MilliporeSigma, Bedford, MA, USA Correspondence: Christopher Gillespie, Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730, United States.. E-mail: christopher.gillespie@emdmillipore.com

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Demonstrating the Effectiveness of an Alternative to Triton X-100 for Detergent-Mediated Viral Inactivation in Biomanufacturing.
    Article Snippet: Detergent‐mediated viral inactivation is an important process step for ensuring viral safety of parenteral biotherapeutics, including plasma proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAb).. The conventional Triton X‐100 detergent has ecological toxicity concerns and REACH classification that mandate replacement in the biopharmaceutical industry.. Criteria for a replacement detergent include viral inactivation efficacy, acceptable safety and biodegradation profile, process removal, and quality suitable for parenteral drug product manufacturing.

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Demonstrating the Effectiveness of an Alternative to Triton X-100 for Detergent-Mediated Viral Inactivation in Biomanufacturing.
    Article Snippet: Detergent‐mediated viral inactivation is an important process step for ensuring viral safety of parenteral biotherapeutics, including plasma proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAb).. The conventional Triton X‐100 detergent has ecological toxicity concerns and REACH classification that mandate replacement in the biopharmaceutical industry.. Criteria for a replacement detergent include viral inactivation efficacy, acceptable safety and biodegradation profile, process removal, and quality suitable for parenteral drug product manufacturing.



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    Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) <t>Mv1Lu;</t> ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.
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    Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and <t>Mv1Lu</t> cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.
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    Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and <t>Mv1Lu</t> cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.
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    Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and <t>Mv1Lu</t> cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.
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    Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and <t>Mv1Lu</t> cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.
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    Image Search Results


    Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) Mv1Lu; ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02571-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Images of cellular mats taken with an Evos FL digital inverted fluorescence microscope. ( A ) MNT1; ( B ) A549; ( C ) combo MNT1/H292; ( D ) Mv1Lu; ( E ) A549; ( F ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( G ) Ve6TMPRSS2; ( H ) MDCK; ( I ) ccombo Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( J ) Caco-2; ( K ) MRC5; ( L ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( M ) BHK-21; ( N ) L929; ( O ) combo BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×20; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC-CCL-64) were associated with A549 cells (ATCC-CCL-185) to create the second combo, which we named Mv1Lu/A549.

    Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy

    Examples of cytopathic effects with various viruses on each cell combo developed. ( A ) MNT1/H292 negative control, ( B ) HCoV-OC43 on MNT1/H292, ( C ) Mv1Lu/A549 negative control, ( D ) HRSV-B on Mv1Lu/A549, ( E ) Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK negative control, ( F ) HPIV-1 on Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK, ( G ) Caco-2/MRC5 negative control, ( H ) HCoV-229E on Caco-2/MRC5, ( I ) BHK-21/L929 negative control, ( J ) adenovirus on BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×10; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02571-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of cytopathic effects with various viruses on each cell combo developed. ( A ) MNT1/H292 negative control, ( B ) HCoV-OC43 on MNT1/H292, ( C ) Mv1Lu/A549 negative control, ( D ) HRSV-B on Mv1Lu/A549, ( E ) Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK negative control, ( F ) HPIV-1 on Ve6TMPRSS2/MDCK, ( G ) Caco-2/MRC5 negative control, ( H ) HCoV-229E on Caco-2/MRC5, ( I ) BHK-21/L929 negative control, ( J ) adenovirus on BHK-21/L929. Pictures are taken at magnification ×10; scale bars indicate 400 µm.

    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC-CCL-64) were associated with A549 cells (ATCC-CCL-185) to create the second combo, which we named Mv1Lu/A549.

    Techniques: Negative Control

    Respiratory virus growths on each cell combo developed. ( A ) Combo MNT1/H292; ( B ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( C ) combo VE6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( D ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( E ) combo BHK21/L929. Dashed line indicates significant growth (3.3 Ct that is a proxy of a 1.0 log 10 variation). Ct, real-time PCR cycle threshold value; HCoV, human coronavirus; HPIV, human parainfluenza virus; HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

    Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

    Article Title: Development of cell combos micromethod to isolate respiratory viruses not detected by molecular techniques

    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02571-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Respiratory virus growths on each cell combo developed. ( A ) Combo MNT1/H292; ( B ) combo Mv1Lu/A549; ( C ) combo VE6TMPRSS2/MDCK; ( D ) combo Caco-2/MRC5; ( E ) combo BHK21/L929. Dashed line indicates significant growth (3.3 Ct that is a proxy of a 1.0 log 10 variation). Ct, real-time PCR cycle threshold value; HCoV, human coronavirus; HPIV, human parainfluenza virus; HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

    Article Snippet: Mv1Lu cells (ATCC-CCL-64) were associated with A549 cells (ATCC-CCL-185) to create the second combo, which we named Mv1Lu/A549.

    Techniques: Virus, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.

    Journal: Journal of Virology

    Article Title: Discontinuous template switching generates coronavirus subgenomic RNAs from the 3ʹ viral genome end by 5ʹ to 3ʹ transcription

    doi: 10.1128/jvi.01438-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Optimizing hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA transfection and co-cultivation for infectious NG virus production. ( A ) The N protein promotes virus production from CPER-derived ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector (pFLAG-CMV-5.1) and then co-cultivated with HCT-8 for 8 days. The numbers of NG + HCT-8 cells were counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on days 6, 7, and 8 (D6–D8) post-transfection. ( B ) A representative microscopic field showing the NG + HCT-8 cells co-transfected by an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA with an hCoV-OC43 N expression vector (pCOC42) or a control vector pFLAG-CMV-5.1 on D6 and D8. ( C, D ) Fetal bovine serum (FBS), but not new calf serum (NCS), is required for efficient virus production in HCT-8 cells. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with an FL hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA along with an N expression vector pCOC42 and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS overnight. The transfected cells were then co-cultivated by the addition of HCT-8 cells with cell passage every 3 days for a total of 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS or 10% NCS. The number of NG + HCT-8 cells was counted and averaged from 10 random microscopic fields on D8–D10 ( C ). Significantly more NG + HCT-8 cells were shown from the cells with an FL NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA on D8–D10 when growing in the DMEM containing 10% FBS when compared with 10% NCS ( D ). ( E ) hCoV-OC43 induced visible and well-defined cytopathic effect (CPE) in both LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells. The monolayer of LLC-MK2 or Mv1Lu cells in ~70% confluence was infected with WT hCoV-OC43 (100 µL supernatant of infected HCT-8 cells). One representative microscopic field is shown for each cell type. ( F ) Mv1Lu cells are more sensitive than LLC-MK2 cells for hCoV-OC43 infection and plaque formation. Plaque assays of LLC-MK2 and Mv1Lu cells were infected with 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of WT hCoV-OC43 virus and overlayed with semisolid media (1× DMEM, 0.5% methylcellulose and 10% FBS) for 8 days. The plaques were fixed for 30 min by 3.7% formaldehyde solution and stained with 1% crystal violet.

    Article Snippet: The human embryonic kidney HEK293T (CRL-3216), human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 (CCL-244), monkey kidney epithelial LLC-MK2 (CCL-7) and American mink lung epithelial Mv1Lu (CCL-64) cells were obtained from ATCC.

    Techniques: Transfection, Virus, Derivative Assay, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Infection, Staining

    Positional NG insertion into the hCoV-OC43 genome to determine hCoV-OC43 replication and synthesis direction of viral sgRNAs. ( A ) Agarose gel electrophoresis of CPER-derived hCoV-OC43 ds-circDNAs (black arrow) of NG-Δns2 (lane 1) and NG-ns12.9 (lane 2). See for details. ( B and C ) Visualization and quantification of NG + HCT-8 cells after co-cultivation with HEK293T cells transfected with CPER-derived hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were transfected with individual FL ds-circDNA products along with an hCoV-OC43 N protein expression vector pCOC42 and then co-cultivated by addition of HCT-8 cells for the indicated days. ( B ) Representative microscopic images on D6 showing NG + HCT-8 cells from the NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA. ( C ) Numbers of NG + cells quantified from 10 random microscopic fields on D5 and D6, showing more NG + cells (**, P < 0.01, Student’s t -test) for the NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA than that of the NG-Δns2 ds-circDNA. ( D ) Northern blot analysis of hCoV-OC43 RNA from HCT-8 cells in co-cultivation with HEK293T cells transfected by CPER-derived NG-Δns2 ds-circDNA (lane 1) or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA (lane 2) or infected by wild-type (lane 3) viruses. Total RNA extracted from the D6 cells was analyzed by Northern blot using a 32 P-labeled probe antisense to the hCoV-OC43 N ORF. The sgRNAs containing inserted NG are labeled in green. ( E, F ) Virus titration of the HCT-8 cell culture supernatant collected on D8 co-cultivation by using methylcellulose-overlay fluorescent foci ( E ) and plaque ( F ) assays in Mv1Lu cells. ( E ) Representative images of fluorescent foci on D8 of infected Mv1Lu cells (left panel). The Mv1Lu cells were infected by 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of the collected HCT-8 culture supernatant collected on D6 described above ( C ). Virus titers are calculated as fluorescent-forming units (FFU/mL) (right bar graph), showing a higher titer of hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 virus (1.2 × 10 6 FFU/mL) than hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 virus (4.0 × 10 4 FFU/mL). ( F ) Titration of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virus titers by plaque assays using Mv1Lu cells infected by 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of the HCT-8 culture supernatant collected on D6 of the cell co-cultivation. The visible virus plaques of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 on D8 in Mv1Lu cells were visualized by crystal violet staining.

    Journal: Journal of Virology

    Article Title: Discontinuous template switching generates coronavirus subgenomic RNAs from the 3ʹ viral genome end by 5ʹ to 3ʹ transcription

    doi: 10.1128/jvi.01438-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Positional NG insertion into the hCoV-OC43 genome to determine hCoV-OC43 replication and synthesis direction of viral sgRNAs. ( A ) Agarose gel electrophoresis of CPER-derived hCoV-OC43 ds-circDNAs (black arrow) of NG-Δns2 (lane 1) and NG-ns12.9 (lane 2). See for details. ( B and C ) Visualization and quantification of NG + HCT-8 cells after co-cultivation with HEK293T cells transfected with CPER-derived hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNAs. HEK293T cells were transfected with individual FL ds-circDNA products along with an hCoV-OC43 N protein expression vector pCOC42 and then co-cultivated by addition of HCT-8 cells for the indicated days. ( B ) Representative microscopic images on D6 showing NG + HCT-8 cells from the NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA. ( C ) Numbers of NG + cells quantified from 10 random microscopic fields on D5 and D6, showing more NG + cells (**, P < 0.01, Student’s t -test) for the NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA than that of the NG-Δns2 ds-circDNA. ( D ) Northern blot analysis of hCoV-OC43 RNA from HCT-8 cells in co-cultivation with HEK293T cells transfected by CPER-derived NG-Δns2 ds-circDNA (lane 1) or NG-ns12.9 ds-circDNA (lane 2) or infected by wild-type (lane 3) viruses. Total RNA extracted from the D6 cells was analyzed by Northern blot using a 32 P-labeled probe antisense to the hCoV-OC43 N ORF. The sgRNAs containing inserted NG are labeled in green. ( E, F ) Virus titration of the HCT-8 cell culture supernatant collected on D8 co-cultivation by using methylcellulose-overlay fluorescent foci ( E ) and plaque ( F ) assays in Mv1Lu cells. ( E ) Representative images of fluorescent foci on D8 of infected Mv1Lu cells (left panel). The Mv1Lu cells were infected by 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of the collected HCT-8 culture supernatant collected on D6 described above ( C ). Virus titers are calculated as fluorescent-forming units (FFU/mL) (right bar graph), showing a higher titer of hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 virus (1.2 × 10 6 FFU/mL) than hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 virus (4.0 × 10 4 FFU/mL). ( F ) Titration of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virus titers by plaque assays using Mv1Lu cells infected by 100 µL of each diluent after serial 10-fold dilutions of the HCT-8 culture supernatant collected on D6 of the cell co-cultivation. The visible virus plaques of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and hCoV-OC43 NG-ns12.9 on D8 in Mv1Lu cells were visualized by crystal violet staining.

    Article Snippet: The human embryonic kidney HEK293T (CRL-3216), human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 (CCL-244), monkey kidney epithelial LLC-MK2 (CCL-7) and American mink lung epithelial Mv1Lu (CCL-64) cells were obtained from ATCC.

    Techniques: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Derivative Assay, Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Northern Blot, Infection, Labeling, Virus, Titration, Cell Culture, Staining

    Determination of virus infectivity and replication capacity of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions by de novo virus infection of HCT-8 and Mv1Lu cells. ( A and B ) hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions exhibit equal infectivity to HCT-8 cells. HCT-8 cells were infected in parallel with 0.01 MOI of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions titrated, as described in . NG + HCT-8 cells were quantified from five random microscopic fields at days 1, 2, and 3 post infection (D1–D3) of the indicated virus. ( A ) No difference in NG + HCT-8 cells from infection with the NG-Δns2 to NG-ns12.9 virions. ( B ) Selectively shown are one representative fluorescent image each from the HCT-8 cells infected with the NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions at D3 post-infection. ( C and D ) hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions from the infected HCT-8 cell culture supernatant exhibit equal replication capacity with similar virus titers in Mv1Lu cells. The supernatant from the HCT-8 cells infected by 0.01 MOI of NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions was collected on D3 post infection and, after serial 10-fold dilutions, 100 µL of each diluent was used to infect Mv1Lu cells, and titration of viral infectivity was carried out by the methylcellulose-overlay fluorescent foci assay ( C ). Virus titers for NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions were calculated as fluorescent-forming units (FFU/mL) shown in a bar graph with NG-Δns2, 1.5 × 10 4 FFU/mL and NG-ns12.9, 2.0 × 10 4 FFU/mL ( D ).

    Journal: Journal of Virology

    Article Title: Discontinuous template switching generates coronavirus subgenomic RNAs from the 3ʹ viral genome end by 5ʹ to 3ʹ transcription

    doi: 10.1128/jvi.01438-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of virus infectivity and replication capacity of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions by de novo virus infection of HCT-8 and Mv1Lu cells. ( A and B ) hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions exhibit equal infectivity to HCT-8 cells. HCT-8 cells were infected in parallel with 0.01 MOI of hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions titrated, as described in . NG + HCT-8 cells were quantified from five random microscopic fields at days 1, 2, and 3 post infection (D1–D3) of the indicated virus. ( A ) No difference in NG + HCT-8 cells from infection with the NG-Δns2 to NG-ns12.9 virions. ( B ) Selectively shown are one representative fluorescent image each from the HCT-8 cells infected with the NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions at D3 post-infection. ( C and D ) hCoV-OC43 NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions from the infected HCT-8 cell culture supernatant exhibit equal replication capacity with similar virus titers in Mv1Lu cells. The supernatant from the HCT-8 cells infected by 0.01 MOI of NG-Δns2 or NG-ns12.9 virions was collected on D3 post infection and, after serial 10-fold dilutions, 100 µL of each diluent was used to infect Mv1Lu cells, and titration of viral infectivity was carried out by the methylcellulose-overlay fluorescent foci assay ( C ). Virus titers for NG-Δns2 and NG-ns12.9 virions were calculated as fluorescent-forming units (FFU/mL) shown in a bar graph with NG-Δns2, 1.5 × 10 4 FFU/mL and NG-ns12.9, 2.0 × 10 4 FFU/mL ( D ).

    Article Snippet: The human embryonic kidney HEK293T (CRL-3216), human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 (CCL-244), monkey kidney epithelial LLC-MK2 (CCL-7) and American mink lung epithelial Mv1Lu (CCL-64) cells were obtained from ATCC.

    Techniques: Virus, Infection, Cell Culture, Titration