Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Duck intestinal organoids: A novel model for waterfowl parvovirus infection and immune responses investigation

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Development of duck intestinal organoids. (A) Graphical representation for isolation of duck intestinal crypts. (B) Culture of intestinal organoids at 3 days; scale bar: 100 μm (Left) and 20 μm (Right) (C) Duck intestinal organoids were subjected to IFA staining for absorptive enterocytes (Villin), stem cells (Lgr5), goblet cells (MUC2) and Paneth cells (LYZ); scale bar: 20 μm.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, complete intestinal organoid growth medium (OGM; Stem Cell, Canada, 06010) supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases; CST, USA, 72302) and 0.5% duck serum was overlaid for organoid culture and maintenance.

Techniques: Isolation, Staining

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Duck intestinal organoids: A novel model for waterfowl parvovirus infection and immune responses investigation

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Duck intestinal organoids monolayer is susceptible to NGPV. (A) Establishment of duck intestinal organoids monolayer; scale bar: 100 μm. (B-C) Duck intestinal organoids monolayer was inoculated with NGPV and then collected at 24, 36 and 48 h for viral load detected by RT-qPCR and viral titer measured by TCID 50 . (D) NGPV and mock-infected monolayer was stained with NGPV VP3 protein (green) and DAPI for nucleus (Blue); scale bar: 50 μm. Results are presented as mean ± SD of data from three independent experiments ***, P ≤ 0.001, determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, complete intestinal organoid growth medium (OGM; Stem Cell, Canada, 06010) supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases; CST, USA, 72302) and 0.5% duck serum was overlaid for organoid culture and maintenance.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Infection, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Duck intestinal organoids: A novel model for waterfowl parvovirus infection and immune responses investigation

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Innate immune responses are activated by NGPV in duck intestinal organoids monolayer. (A–F) Duck intestinal organoids monolayer was inoculated with NGPV and then collected at 24, 36 and 48 h. Transcription levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), IFN-α (D), IFN-β (E) and MX (F) at the indicated times post-NGPV infection were evaluated by RT-qPCR. (G-I) The protein levels of TNF-α (G), IL-6 (H) and IFN-β (I) at 36 hpi were detected by ELISA. Results are presented as mean ± SD of data from three independent experiments *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001, determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, complete intestinal organoid growth medium (OGM; Stem Cell, Canada, 06010) supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases; CST, USA, 72302) and 0.5% duck serum was overlaid for organoid culture and maintenance.

Techniques: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Duck intestinal organoids: A novel model for waterfowl parvovirus infection and immune responses investigation

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Duck apical-out intestinal organoids support NGPV replication. (A) An illustrative schematic diagram depicting the establishment of duck apical-out intestinal organoids was constructed using BioRender.com. (B) Duck apical-out organoids were stained with ZO-1 and Villin respectively; scale bar: 20 μm. (C-D) Duck apical-out organoids were infected with NGPV and then collected at 24, 36 and 48 h for viral load detected by RT-qPCR and viral titer determined by TCID 50 . Results are presented as mean ± SD of data from three independent experiments ***, P ≤ 0.001, determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, complete intestinal organoid growth medium (OGM; Stem Cell, Canada, 06010) supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases; CST, USA, 72302) and 0.5% duck serum was overlaid for organoid culture and maintenance.

Techniques: Construct, Staining, Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Duck intestinal organoids: A novel model for waterfowl parvovirus infection and immune responses investigation

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antiviral responses after infection of duck apical-out intestinal organoids by NGPV. (A-F) Apical-out organoids were was infected with NGPV and then collected at 24, 36 and 48 h. Transcription levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), IFN-α (D), IFN-β (E) and MX (F) at the indicated times post-NGPV infection were evaluated by RT-qPCR. (G-I) The protein levels of TNF-α (G), IL-6 (H) and IFN-β (I) at 36 hpi were determined by ELISA. Results are presented as mean ± SD of data from three independent experiments *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001, determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, complete intestinal organoid growth medium (OGM; Stem Cell, Canada, 06010) supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 (an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases; CST, USA, 72302) and 0.5% duck serum was overlaid for organoid culture and maintenance.

Techniques: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test