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Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome

Journal: The EMBO Journal

doi: 10.1038/s44318-025-00386-4

Reagents and tools table
Figure Legend Snippet: Reagents and tools table

Techniques Used: Purification, Recombinant, Mutagenesis, Strep-tag, Clone Assay, FLAG-tag, Sequencing, Protein Purification, Protease Inhibitor, Software, Electron Microscopy, Staining, Chromatography

Related Articles

Purification:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Recombinant:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Mutagenesis:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Strep-tag:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Clone Assay:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

FLAG-tag:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Sequencing:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Protein Purification:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Protease Inhibitor:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Software:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Electron Microscopy:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Staining:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.

Chromatography:

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top of an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol and 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a SW40 Ti rotor 14 mL tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Cryo-EM Structure of the Fork Protection Complex Bound to CMG at a Replication Fork
Article Snippet: For co-expression experiments, Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol) was layered on top an equal volume of freshly prepared Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol + 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma]) in a 14 mL SW40-Ti tube (Beckman) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: How Pol α-primase is targeted to replisomes to prime eukaryotic DNA replication
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described : Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 , ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes.
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described30: Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc)2) was layered on top an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A, except 30% v/v glycerol, 0.16% glutaraldehyde [Sigma] and 2mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3, ThermoFisher Scientific)) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome
Article Snippet: Glycerol gradients were prepared as previously described (Jones et al, ): Buffer A (40 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaOAc, 0.5 mM TCEP, 10% v/v glycerol, 0.5 mM AMP-PNP and 3 mM Mg(OAc) 2 ) was layered on top of an equal volume of Buffer B (Buffer A except for 30% v/v glycerol, and 0.16% glutaraldehyde and 2 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS 3 ) for gradients with crosslinker) in a 2.2 mL TLS-55 tube (Beranek Laborgerate) and gradients made using a gradient-making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) before cooling on ice.

Article Title: DNSN-1 recruits GINS for CMG helicase assembly during DNA replication initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans .
Article Snippet: INTRODUCTION: Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated by a molecular machine known as the replisome, the assembly of which is highly regulated to ensure that cells make a single copy of their genome during each cell cycle.. In humans, defects in replisome assembly are often associatedwith early cancer development and can lead to a form of microcephalic primordial dwarfismcalledMeier-Gorlin syndrome.. Eukaryotic replisome assembly is initiated by the assembly and activation of the 11-subunit helicase called CMG (CDC-45–MCM-2-7–GINS), around which the replisome forms.

Article Title: Structure of a human replisome shows the organisation and interactions of a DNA replication machine
Article Snippet: Gradients were prepared using a gradient‐making station (Biocomp Instruments, Ltd.) and cooled for 30 min at 4°C.



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Reagents and tools table

Journal: The EMBO Journal

Article Title: Competition for the nascent leading strand shapes the requirements for PCNA loading in the replisome

doi: 10.1038/s44318-025-00386-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reagents and tools table

Article Snippet: Gradient-making station , Biocomp Instruments, Ltd , Part code: 108-2.

Techniques: Purification, Recombinant, Mutagenesis, Strep-tag, Clone Assay, FLAG-tag, Sequencing, Protein Purification, Protease Inhibitor, Software, Electron Microscopy, Staining, Chromatography