Isolation:Article Title: Amuc_1473 Links Gut Microbes to Skeletal Homeostasis and Counteracts Multifactorial Osteoporosis.
Article Snippet: .. Liver and kidney function-related-parameters were measured in serum samples using automated analyzers at Changsha Huancai Streaming Technology Co., Ltd. 5.2 Akk Culture and Akk -EV Isolation Akk (ATCC BAA-835, Manassas, VA) was grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (BD Bioscience, San Jose, USA) with 0.5% porcine mucin (Sigma–Aldrich, St Louis, USA) and 0.05% Lcysteine-HCl (Sigma–Aldrich) as mentioned previously [ 17 ]. ..
Vaccines:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Comparison:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Expressing:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Animal Model:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
In Vivo:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Cell Culture:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Adjuvant:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Biomarker Discovery:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Virus:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
Immunopeptidomics:Article Title: Progress in enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibodies and vaccines.
Article Snippet: .. However, such vaccines still have limitations: heterologous strain protection is limited, and some strains may disrupt key neutralizing epitopes during TABLE 3 Comparison table of core data of different vaccine platforms for EV-D68 Vaccine platform Expression/production system Animal model Cross-neutralization spectrum Protective efficacy in vivo Limitations/future directions Mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, ganoderma polysaccharide (PS-G) adjuvant ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (B1/B3/A2); EV-A71 (multiple subclades) 100% protection in neonates; blocks CNS invasion; mucosal sIgA persists 16–19 weeks Duration of mucosal immunity; pediatric clinical validation needed VLP vaccine (Pichia pastoris) pastoris co-expression of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% survival in neonates (passive and maternal); blocks muscle/spinal cord replication Limited protection vs. B3/D clades; immunization route optimization VLP vaccine (Baculovirus-Insect Cell) Baculovirus/Sf9 co-expres sion of P1 + 3 CD ICR neonatal and adult mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% neonatal survival; clears respiratory virus Complex production; immunogenicity in NHPs required Vero-adapted inactivated vaccine Vero cell adaptation, formalin inactivation ± alum adjuvant BALB/c and ICR neonatal mice EV-D68 (A/B1/ Fermon) 100% protection; reduces tissue viral load by 3–6 log Seven adaptive mutations in strain; human dosing studies needed Cotton rat inactivated vaccine HeLa cell culture, live/UV-inactivated virus Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) EV-D68 (A1/B1/ATCC prototype) Blocks respiratory replication; reduces lung inflammation; nAbs > 9 weeks Does not induce nAbs; potential immune enhancement risk Rhesus-derived inactivated vaccine Vero cell culture, formalin inactivation, alum adjuvant Rhesus macaque, C57BL/6 neonatal mice EV-D68 (KM/Fermon) 100% neonatal survival via maternal antibodies; prevents paralysis after IC challenge Macaque cohort size; pediatric immunoge nicity validation Month XXXX Volume 0 Issue 0 10.1128/jvi.00123-26 13 D ow nl oa de d fr om h ttp s: //j ou rn al s. as m .o rg /jo ur na l/j vi o n 04 J un e 20 26 b y 21 2. ..
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