Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: GM-CSF and M-CSF Driven Differentiation Differentially Regulates Chikungunya Virus Infection and Antiviral Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.11.710213

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic representation of compounds targeting CHIKV entry and internalization mechanisms in macrophages. GM-Mϕ cultured on 96-wells plates were incubated with macrophage media containing compounds inhibiting phagocytosis: (B) cytochalasin D, macropinocytosis: (C) EIPA, clathrin: (D) pitstop2, dynamin: (E) dynasore, or endocytosis/viral fusion: (F) bafilomycin A1, (H) chloroquine, (G) ammonium chloride, or vehicle control: DMSO for 2 hours at 37°C. Cells were then infected with CHIKV 181/25 (MOI=1.0) for 1 hour 37°C, and re-supplemented with media containing compound for a total incubation time of 24 hours. CHIKV infection was evaluated via immunofluorescence by staining for expression of CHIKV capsid protein and total cell count was determined by DAPI staining. Percent infection was determined by determining number of infected cells over total cells. Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Data for percent (%) infection and cell viability of compounds is represented as normalized to DMSO vehicle control. (I) IC50 and CC50 values and corresponding dose-response curve for viral infectivity and cell viability was determined via non-linear [inhibitor] vs normalized response – variable non-linear slope analysis. Data represented as means ± SEM. Antiviral and cell viability assays were performed in technical triplicate (n=3 donors).

Article Snippet: Other compounds targeting micropinocytosis (EIPA), clathrin (pitstop 2), and dynamin (dynasore) were obtained from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Incubation, Control, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Cell Characterization, MTT Assay