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dreadd agonist compound 21  (Tocris)


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    Tocris dreadd agonist compound 21
    Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of <t>compound</t> <t>21</t> (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
    Dreadd Agonist Compound 21, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 40 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    dreadd agonist compound 21 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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    1) Product Images from "Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing"

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing

    Journal: iScience

    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115067

    Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of compound 21 (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of compound 21 (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Control, Transduction, Expressing

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    Saline:

    Article Title: DREADD agonist Clozapine-N-oxide, but not Compound 21, impairs spatial memory encoding
    Article Snippet: .. Clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 4936, Tocris) and DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; 5548, Tocris) were dissolved in 10% DMSO in saline, and delivered at 3 mg/kg via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding , ; B). ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts hippocampal spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding; , ( ). ..

    Article Title: Paraventricular nucleus projections to the nucleus tractus solitarii are essential for full expression of hypoxia-induced peripheral chemoreflex responses
    Article Snippet: .. After 10 min, rats received i.p . injections (1 ml) of either saline or the selective DREADD agonist Compound 21 (C21, 1 mg/kg in saline; Tocris, 5548C21; Bio-Techne Corp., Minneapolis, MN, USA) and ventilation was monitored during room air breathing for 60 min to allow DREADD activation ( Jameson et al., 2016 ; Ruyle et al., 2019 ). ..

    Injection:

    Article Title: DREADD agonist Clozapine-N-oxide, but not Compound 21, impairs spatial memory encoding
    Article Snippet: .. Clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 4936, Tocris) and DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; 5548, Tocris) were dissolved in 10% DMSO in saline, and delivered at 3 mg/kg via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding , ; B). ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts hippocampal spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding; , ( ). ..

    Activation Assay:

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding , ; B). ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts hippocampal spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding; , ( ). ..

    Article Title: Paraventricular nucleus projections to the nucleus tractus solitarii are essential for full expression of hypoxia-induced peripheral chemoreflex responses
    Article Snippet: .. After 10 min, rats received i.p . injections (1 ml) of either saline or the selective DREADD agonist Compound 21 (C21, 1 mg/kg in saline; Tocris, 5548C21; Bio-Techne Corp., Minneapolis, MN, USA) and ventilation was monitored during room air breathing for 60 min to allow DREADD activation ( Jameson et al., 2016 ; Ruyle et al., 2019 ). ..

    Clinical Proteomics:

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding , ; B). ..

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts hippocampal spatial memory processing
    Article Snippet: .. To test the effects of interneuron activation on memory encoding, DREADD agonist compound 21 (C21; Tocris; 3 mg/kg in 10% DMSO in saline) was injected i.p. 30 min prior to OLM training (optimizing brain and plasma levels during encoding; , ( ). ..

    Control:

    Article Title: The PVN enhances cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxia via input to the nTS
    Article Snippet: .. Spontaneous action potential frequency was measured during the last 30 s of aCSF control, application of the DREADD agonist Compound 21 (C21, Tocris, 5548C21; 10 μm), and aCSF wash (10 min each). ..



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    Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of <t>compound</t> <t>21</t> (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
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    Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of <t>compound</t> <t>21</t> (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
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    Image Search Results


    Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of compound 21 (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: iScience

    Article Title: Dentate gyrus network regulation by somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons differentially impacts spatial memory processing

    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115067

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of SST+ interneuron activation across different stages of spatial memory processing (A) Male and female SST-CRE mice ( n = 9 animals/group for encoding and consolidation; n = 14–15 animals/group for retrieval) are transduced to express Cre-dependent hM3Dq-mCitrine or EGFP (control) in DG. Beginning four weeks after viral transduction, SST+ interneurons were activated separately either during OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval, with two weeks of rest between OLM trials, which ended with a final trial in which vehicle is administered prior to encoding. (B) Timing of compound 21 (C21) administration relative to OLM encoding, consolidation, or retrieval. Mouse interaction with the moved vs. unmoved object is quantified to generate the OLM discrimination index (DI). (C–E) Discrimination index scores for encoding (C), consolidation (D), and retrieval (E) sessions in mice expressing EGFP or hM3Dq in SST+ interneurons. two-way ANOVA (Phase × AAV) revealed a significant main effect of AAV (F(1,58) = 7.40, p = 0.0086), indicating that the chemogenetic activation of SST+ interneurons influences DI performance independent of behavioral phase. Neither the main effect of Phase (F(2,58) = 1.69, p = 0.1936) nor the Phase × AAV interaction reached significance (F(2,58) = 2.41, p = 0.0985), though the interaction showed a trend. Closer inspection of the data showed the largest effects of SST+ interneuron activation on OLM encoding ( p = 0.0047, Tukey’s test) and retrieval ( p = 0.046, Tukey’s test), but had no effect on consolidation ( p = 0.8804). (F) Vehicle administration did not affect OLM encoding ( p = 0.755, n = 8–9 animals/group). For all panels, # p < 0.1, ∗ p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: DREADD agonist compound 21 , Tocris , 5548.

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Transduction, Expressing