Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism by AdHy@Pae in LPS-induced chondrocytes. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the expression of COL2A1, SOX9, MMP9, and ADAMTS5 in different treatment groups and corresponding (B) quantitative analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3, ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Rat chondrocytes (P1) were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10 4 cells per well) and cultured to ∼70–80% confluence, stimulated with LPS (10 μg mL −1 , 12 h) to induce an inflammatory phenotype, and then treated with hydrogel extracts (Hy, AdHy, AdHy@Pae) for 24 h. Cells were washed three times with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Aladdin, T434386) for 10 min, and blocked with 5% BSA (Solarbio, SW3015) at room temperature for 1 h. Primary antibodies were applied overnight at 4 °C: COL2A1 (Proteintech, 28459-1-AP, 1:200), SOX9 (HUABIO, HA723548, 1:1000), MMP9 (HUABIO, ET1704-69, 1:200), and ADAMTS5 (HUABIO, HA722011, 1:100).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression analysis of cartilage-related proteins after treatment with AdHy@Pae. (A) Representative Western blot images showing ECM synthesis–related proteins (COL2A1, ACAN, COMP, and SOX9) and antioxidant markers (NRF2 and HO-1) in different groups. (B) Quantitative analysis of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP13, ADAMTS5, ADAMTS1) and apoptosis-related proteins (BCL-2, Bax, and Caspase-3). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3; ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Rat chondrocytes (P1) were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10 4 cells per well) and cultured to ∼70–80% confluence, stimulated with LPS (10 μg mL −1 , 12 h) to induce an inflammatory phenotype, and then treated with hydrogel extracts (Hy, AdHy, AdHy@Pae) for 24 h. Cells were washed three times with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Aladdin, T434386) for 10 min, and blocked with 5% BSA (Solarbio, SW3015) at room temperature for 1 h. Primary antibodies were applied overnight at 4 °C: COL2A1 (Proteintech, 28459-1-AP, 1:200), SOX9 (HUABIO, HA723548, 1:1000), MMP9 (HUABIO, ET1704-69, 1:200), and ADAMTS5 (HUABIO, HA722011, 1:100).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo validation of the chondroprotective and mitochondrial regulatory effects of AdHy@Pae after therapy for 4 weeks. (A) Representative immunohistochemical staining of cartilage sections for COL2A1, SOX9, MMP3, and ADAMTS1 in different groups (Sham, PBS, Hy, AdHy, and AdHy@Pae). (B) Quantitative analysis of the immunohistochemical staining intensity showing relative expression levels of anabolic (COL2A1, SOX9) and catabolic (MMP3, ADAMTS1) markers. (C) TEM images of chondrocytes showing mitochondrial ultrastructure in each group, with high-magnification views (bottom panels) indicating cristae integrity and membrane morphology. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Rat chondrocytes (P1) were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10 4 cells per well) and cultured to ∼70–80% confluence, stimulated with LPS (10 μg mL −1 , 12 h) to induce an inflammatory phenotype, and then treated with hydrogel extracts (Hy, AdHy, AdHy@Pae) for 24 h. Cells were washed three times with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Aladdin, T434386) for 10 min, and blocked with 5% BSA (Solarbio, SW3015) at room temperature for 1 h. Primary antibodies were applied overnight at 4 °C: COL2A1 (Proteintech, 28459-1-AP, 1:200), SOX9 (HUABIO, HA723548, 1:1000), MMP9 (HUABIO, ET1704-69, 1:200), and ADAMTS5 (HUABIO, HA722011, 1:100).

Techniques: In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Membrane

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism by AdHy@Pae in LPS-induced chondrocytes. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the expression of COL2A1, SOX9, MMP9, and ADAMTS5 in different treatment groups and corresponding (B) quantitative analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3, ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry, primary antibodies were COL2A1 (HUABIO, HA722733, 1:1000), SOX9 (Proteintech, 68350-1-Ig, 1:500), MMP3 (Servicebio, GB11132, 1:500), and ADAMTS1 (Affinity, DF13268, 1:100); sections were incubated with HRP-conjugated polymer secondary antibodies (Affinity, S0001), developed with DAB (Servicebio, G1212), and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression analysis of cartilage-related proteins after treatment with AdHy@Pae. (A) Representative Western blot images showing ECM synthesis–related proteins (COL2A1, ACAN, COMP, and SOX9) and antioxidant markers (NRF2 and HO-1) in different groups. (B) Quantitative analysis of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP13, ADAMTS5, ADAMTS1) and apoptosis-related proteins (BCL-2, Bax, and Caspase-3). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3; ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry, primary antibodies were COL2A1 (HUABIO, HA722733, 1:1000), SOX9 (Proteintech, 68350-1-Ig, 1:500), MMP3 (Servicebio, GB11132, 1:500), and ADAMTS1 (Affinity, DF13268, 1:100); sections were incubated with HRP-conjugated polymer secondary antibodies (Affinity, S0001), developed with DAB (Servicebio, G1212), and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A dual-functional hydrogel integrating adhesive and lubricating interfaces for mitochondrial protection–Driven cartilage regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.051

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo validation of the chondroprotective and mitochondrial regulatory effects of AdHy@Pae after therapy for 4 weeks. (A) Representative immunohistochemical staining of cartilage sections for COL2A1, SOX9, MMP3, and ADAMTS1 in different groups (Sham, PBS, Hy, AdHy, and AdHy@Pae). (B) Quantitative analysis of the immunohistochemical staining intensity showing relative expression levels of anabolic (COL2A1, SOX9) and catabolic (MMP3, ADAMTS1) markers. (C) TEM images of chondrocytes showing mitochondrial ultrastructure in each group, with high-magnification views (bottom panels) indicating cristae integrity and membrane morphology. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemistry, primary antibodies were COL2A1 (HUABIO, HA722733, 1:1000), SOX9 (Proteintech, 68350-1-Ig, 1:500), MMP3 (Servicebio, GB11132, 1:500), and ADAMTS1 (Affinity, DF13268, 1:100); sections were incubated with HRP-conjugated polymer secondary antibodies (Affinity, S0001), developed with DAB (Servicebio, G1212), and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Techniques: In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Membrane