Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Changes in TRPV1 mRNA and protein expression after agonist and antagonist administration in CTX-induced skeletal muscle injury in mice. A-D Representative Western blot and relative protein level of TRPV1 in normal muscle tissue after CAP and CPZ administration ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). E Representative Western blot of TRPV1 in CTX-induced muscle tissue after treatment with CAP and CPZ at different points in time. F The relative protein level of TRPV1 in the CTX group at 2d, 4d, 6d ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). G The expression of TRPV1 in the CTX group at 2d, 4d, 6d according to qPCR ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). H The relative protein level of TRPV1 in CTX-induced muscle tissue after treatment with CAP and CPZ at different points in time. ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: TRPV1 activation facilitates myogenesis and inhibits the fibrotic process in the CTX-induced skeletal muscle injury in mice. A Flow diagram of the experiment in each group of mice, the red markings indicate the time points for drug injections. B Representative H&E images show the proportion of CNF and CSA distribution in CTX-induced muscle tissue treated with CAP and CPZ at different days. C , D The proportion of centrally nucleated fibers and the cross-sectional area of regenerating myofibers in CTX-induced muscle tissue treated with CAP and CPZ at 4d, 6d and 8d. ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). E - G Representative Sirius Red staining images show the collagen fiber deposition in CTX-induced muscle tissue treated with CAP and CPZ at 8d and 10d. ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar, 100 μm

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Staining

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of TRPV1 facilitates myogenesis during the process of muscle regeneration in vivo. A-C Representative western blot and relative protein level of MyoD and myogenin in CTX-induced muscle tissue after treatment with CAP and CPZ at different points in time ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). D , F The expression level of MyoD and myogenin mRNA in each group at different points in time ( n = 3 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). E Representative immunofluorescence images of MyoD in CTX-induced muscle tissue after treatment with CAP and CPZ at 4d. G-H The relative fluorescence intensity of MyoD and the proportion of MyoD+ /DAPI + double-positive cells in each group ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar, 50 μm

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Activation Assay, In Vivo, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: TRPV1 activation leads to a difference in macrophage infiltration with a remarkable increase of M1 and a decrease of M2 in number in vivo. A Representative immunofluorescence images of F4/80 after treatment with CAP and CPZ in CTX-induced muscle tissue at 4d. B The percentage of F4/80-positive cells between four groups at 4d post-injury ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). C , D Representative immunofluorescence images showed the relative fluorescence intensity of TRPV1 in these F4/80 + macrophages in each group ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). E , F Representative immunofluorescence images showed the infiltration of numbers of M1 (F4/80 + and CD86+) and M2 (F4/80 + and CD206+) macrophages in different groups at different intervals. G , H The proportion of M1 (F4/80 + and CD86+) macrophages and M2 macrophages (F4/80 + and CD206+) between four groups at 2-8days post-injury ( n = 5 animals per experimental group; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar, 50 μm

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Activation Assay, In Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: TRPV1 inhibits M1 polarization and promotes M2 polarization in vitro. A , C Representative western blot of CD86(M1); Arg1(M2). B , D The expression of CD86 and Arg-1 in response to LPS/IFN-γ and IL-4/IL-10 stimulation at the protein level, respectively ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). E Representative Western blot of IL-6 and CD86(M1) after treatment with CAP and CPZ in vitro. F-I The protein expression of IL-6 and CD86 in different groups ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). J Representative western blot of CD206 and Arg1 (M2) after treatment with CAP and CPZ in vitro. K-N The protein expression of CD206 and Arg1 in each group ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of TRPV1 in the C2C12 myoblasts differentiation. A-C The relative fluorescence intensity of TRPV1( n = 5 independent random fields of cells; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). D Representative western blot of TRPV1 after treatment with CAP and CPZ in vitro. E The protein expression of TRPV1 ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA). F Representative western blot of MyoD and myogenin after treatment with CAP and CPZ in differentiation medium at different intervals. G , H The protein expression of MyoD and myogenin among each group ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). I , J The relative fluorescence intensity of MYH3 in multinucleated myotubes in each group time-dependently ( n = 5 independent random fields of cells; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). K Representative Giemsa staining images showed the effect of TRPV1 activation individually on multinucleated myotubes ( n = 5 independent random fields of cells). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar, 50 μm, 100 μm

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Western Blot, In Vitro, Expressing, Staining, Activation Assay

Journal: Skeletal Muscle

Article Title: TRPV1 manipulating polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote skeletal muscle regeneration

doi: 10.1186/s13395-026-00417-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: TRPV1 regulates M1/M2 macrophage polarization to promote myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells. A C2C12 myoblasts were co-cultured with M1 or M2 macrophages for 4 days via a transwell cell culture insert. B Representative Western blot bands of MyoD and MYH3 in C2C12 myoblasts after being co-cultured with M1 or M2 macrophages for 4 days. C , D The protein expression of MyoD and MYH3 in those C2C12 myoblasts which were co-cultured with M1or M2 macrophages after CAP and CPZ treatment ( n = 3 independent replicates in cells; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). E , F Representative immunofluorescence images showed myotubes fusion index in C2C12 cells ( n = 5 independent random fields of cells; mean ± SD; Two-way ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar, 50 μm

Article Snippet: Mice received daily i.p. injections of either vehicle control (5% dimethyl sulfoxide/2% Tween-80/93% physiological saline); CAP (3 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-10448) dissolved in the vehicle; CPZ (5 mg/kg/day; MCE, #HY-15640) administered 30 min prior to CAP.

Techniques: Cell Characterization, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence