atcc 13124  (ATCC)

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Baseline biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens clinical isolates. Biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining followed by the absorbance measurement at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) after 24-hour incubation under static anaerobic conditions (n = 4 replicates per isolate) (A) without glucose supplementation (B) with 1% glucose supplementation. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the isolates. Optical density cut-off (OD C ) was calculated by adding the mean OD 570 value of the medium BYC/ST with 3x Standard Deviation (SD) (0.10). Isolates with OD 570 values less than 2xOD C (0.2) were classified as weak biofilm formers (all isolates inside red-dotted box: M45, M62, M67, M70, M71, M76, M77, CP15, SM101), OD 570 values between 2 - 4xOD C (0.2-0.8) were classified as moderate biofilm formers (all isolates inside black-dotted box: M47, M58, M59, M61, M64, M65, M68, TpeL17, Del1, ATCC), and OD 570 values above 4xOD C (>0.8) were classified as strong biofilm formers (all isolates inside green-dotted box: N79, N80, N82, N83).

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Staining, Incubation, Standard Deviation

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent inhibition of planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens by thymol in the absence of glucose (A and B) and in the presence of 1% glucose (C and D) growth conditions. Planktonic growth of five C. perfringens isolates (Del1, TpeL17, M61, N79, and N82) following 24-hour incubation with thymol treatment (0-1600 µg/mL) in the absence of glucose (A) and in the presence of 1% glucose (C) was measured for absorbance at optical density 590 (OD 590 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Biofilm biomass of the same isolates following 24-hour thymol incubation without glucose supplementation (B) or with 1% glucose supplementation (D) was quantified by 1% crystal violet staining and absorbance measured at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA (Isolate*Thymol concentration) and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the groups.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Inhibition, Incubation, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent inactivation of biofilm viability and biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens by thymol. (A) Resazurin reduction assay showing the effect of thymol inactivation of the matured biofilm after 72-hour culture of C. perfringens isolates: Del1, TpeL17, M45, M61, M62, N79, and N82 biofilm viability. Biofilms were treated with thymol at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 1600 µg/mL for 3 hours, followed by resazurin incubation for 2 hours, and measurement of relative fluorescence unit (RFU) as an indicator of metabolic activity (n = 4 replicates per group). (B) Biofilm biomass of the same 72-hour-cultured isolates following identical thymol treatments for 3 hours, resazurin treatment for 2 hours, and 0.1% crystal violet staining and absorbance measured at optical density 570 (OD 570 ) (n = 4 replicates per group). Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA (Isolate*Thymol concentration) and considered significant at P < 0.05. Values (Mean ± SEM) without a common letter were significantly different between the groups.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Incubation, Fluorescence, Activity Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1). Five microliters of overnight cultures were inoculated onto three types of 0.5% soft TSA agar plates: without dimethyl sulfoxide (no DMSO control), containing DMSO (vehicle control), or containing thymol (25 µg/mL dissolved in DMSO). After 48 hours of incubation, colonies were imaged, and bacterial halo areas were calculated to compare motility among treatments (n = 3 per group). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (strain × treatment) with significance set at P < 0.05. No significant interaction between strain and treatment, nor a main effect of treatment, was observed (P > 0.05). Values are pesented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Fig 3 dummy alt text Motility test assessed for eight Clostridium perfringens strains (M45, M61, M62, N79, N82, ATCC, TpeL17, and Del1).

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron : A symbiotic ally against diarrhea along with modulation of gut microbial ecological networks via tryptophan metabolism and AHR-Nrf2 signaling

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.04.016

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron on the growth of five common pathogenic bacteria in pigs. (A-E) Extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron on the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Escherichia coli CVCC 198, Salmonella choleraesuis CVCC 2141, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14028, and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124. (i) Growth curves of bacteria in each group. CON: negative control (basal medium + pathogenic bacteria), n = 3; PC: positive control (basal medium + pathogenic bacteria + ethyl acetate extract), n = 3; B: basal medium + pathogenic bacteria + extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron . n = 6. (ii) Maximum growth rate of bacteria in each group. (iii) Duration of reaching the logarithmic growth period of bacteria in each group. (F) Membrane permeabilization assay of ETEC co-incubated with extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron or other references. CON: ETEC growing in conventional culture medium, n = 6; B. thetaiotaomicron extract: ETEC growing in culture medium with extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron , n = 6; Polymyxin: ETEC growing in culture medium with polymyxin, n = 6; CTAB: ETEC growing in culture medium with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, n = 6. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used to determine significant differences among multiple groups. ** P < 0.01; different superscript letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Effect of extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron on the growth of five common pathogenic bacteria in pigs. (A-E) Extracted metabolites of B. thetaiotaomicron on the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Escherichia coli CVCC 198, Salmonella choleraesuis CVCC 2141, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14028, and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124. (i) Growth curves of bacteria in each group.

Techniques: Bacteria, Negative Control, Positive Control, Membrane, Incubation