digital filter wavetek 852  (Wavetek Inc)

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simulated EFRs at the level of the AN ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN ) obtained with four simultaneously presented SAM tones as the ones used in the experiments. Panels ( a – h ) show \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitudes as a function of stimulus levels and CF for each of the four carrier frequencies (rows). The colour gradient indicate significant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitudes. The horizontal orange dashed lines indicate the on-CF range as defined in . The vertical grey shaded areas show input level ranges outside the level ranges considered in the experiments. The two leftmost columns show simulated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN for the mean audiogram of the NH (left) and HI listeners (middle), respectively. Panels ( i – j ) in the rightmost column show the corresponding \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitude-level functions obtained by summing up all AN activity across CF. Blue circles show NH simulations and red diamonds represent HI simulations. The thin blue and red dotted lines represent noise floor estimates (only visible in panels ( i , j ). The blue and red solid lines show BM I/O functions from the BM output of the model for NH and HI, respectively. The black dotted lines show a linear reference. A combination of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{2}{3}$$\end{document} 2 3 of OHC dysfunction and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{1}{3}$$\end{document} 1 3 of IHC dysfunction , was assumed to adjust the AN model parameters to account for the mean audiogram values in each listener’s group.

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: EFR (panels a – d ) and DPOAE (panels e – h ) magnitude-level functions recorded in one representative NH listener (NH01) for the frequencies of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${500}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 500 Hz (panels a , e ), \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${1000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 1000 Hz (panels b , f ), \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${2000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 2000 Hz (panels c and g) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${4000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 4000 Hz (panels d , h ). EFR and DPOAE magnitudes are represented as filled circles and squares, respectively, in case of statistically significant responses. Open symbols show statistically non-significant data points. Grey shaded areas show the estimated background noise. In panels ( a – d ), black circles indicate EFR magnitudes recorded in the first recording session, and red circles indicate retest EFR magnitudes recorded in the second recording session. Fitted models to significant data points are represented by the solid dark-grey functions. A linear reference with a slope of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${1}\,\hbox {dB/dB}$$\end{document} 1 dB/dB is indicated by the dotted line.

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Group statistics of EFR and DPOAE data for NH and HI listeners. Panel ( a ) shows box-plots with the fitted EFR slopes obtained for each carrier frequencies in the NH (blue) and HI (red) listeners. Panel ( b ) shows box-plots with the fitted EFR slopes for same the NH listeners. Panels ( c , d ) show EFR latency increment (referenced to the shortest recorded latency) as a function of frequency and stimulus level, respectively. Panel ( e ) shows EFR break-point levels for the different carrier frequencies when the two-slopes piecewise fit was used. The bottom and the top of each box represent the first and third quartiles, respectively, and the horizontal line inside each box represents the second quartile (the median). Whiskers indicate 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) of the lower and upper quartiles. The circles depict the raw observations. Statistical significance, based on a two-sample permutation test for equality of the means, is represented by the asterisks, where * corresponds to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p \le 0.05$$\end{document} p ≤ 0.05 .

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: EFR magnitude-level functions recorded in one representative HI listener (HI01) for carrier frequencies of ( a ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${500}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 500 Hz , ( b ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${1000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 1000 Hz , ( c ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${2000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 2000 Hz and ( d ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${4000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 4000 Hz . Same representation as in Fig. but not including the repeatability measurements. The small red arrow in panel ( d ) indicates the behavioural hearing threshold of the listener at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${4000}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 4000 Hz in dB SPL.

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Test–retest repeatability analysis of the EFR magnitudes and the EFR slopes in the NH listeners. Panel a) show the relation between the test and retest data of the EFR slope. Top and right margins show a histogram and kernel density function of the data. The black-solid line and grey area in the main plot show the fit of a linear regression model and its \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${95}\,\%$$\end{document} 95 % CI. Panel ( b ) shows the difference of the test–retest EFR slopes as a function of the test–retest mean (a Bland–Altman plot). The solid-black horizontal line show the mean of the differences. The dashed-grey horizontal lines show the upper and lower LoA. The corresponding values are indicated in the right side of each line, while the grey semitransparent bands show the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${95}\,\%$$\end{document} 95 % CI for each line. Panel ( c ) show the relation between the test and retest EFR magnitudes pooled across carrier frequency and level. EFR values for each carrier frequency are indicated as different intensities of blue colour. Top and right margins show kernel density functions of the distribution of the data. Panel ( d ) shows a Bland–Altman plot of the EFR test–retest data pooled across frequencies and levels. Panel ( e – h ) show Bland–Altman plots of the EFR test–retest data for the carrier frequencies of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${500}\,\hbox {Hz}$$\end{document} 500 Hz , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${1}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 1 kHz , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${2}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 2 kHz and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${4}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 4 kHz , respectively. Different markers indicate the stimulation level of each EFR data point, as shown in the legend in panel h). Only statistically significant EFRs were considered in the repeatability analysis, indicated by the N value in the bottom-left part of each Bland–Altman plot.

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: On the use of envelope following responses to estimate peripheral level compression in the auditory system

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85850-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of on- vs off-CF contributions and OHC vs IHC dysfunction on the simulated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitude-level functions from the 4 kHz component. Panel ( a ) shows NH simulated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitude-level function after summing contributions across CF (circles), the contribution to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN from neurons in the on-CF range (dashed line) and the contributions from off-CF neurons (dotted line). The solid line shows the growth of the BM output. Panel ( b ) shows the same as panel a but assuming hearing impairment with a combinations of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{2}{3}$$\end{document} 2 3 of OHC dysfunction and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{1}{3}$$\end{document} 1 3 of IHC dysfunction. Panel ( c ) shows the same simulated HI \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm {{EFR}_{{AN}}}$$\end{document} EFR AN magnitude-level functions as in panel ( b ) (summed across CFs) but assigning the threshold elevation to only OHC dysfunction (red crosses, dashed line) or to only IHC dysfunction (red squares, dotted line). The NH simulation is shown by blue circles as a reference. The grey-dotted line in all panels indicate a linear growth.

Article Snippet: The microphone signal was bandpass filtered using a cascade of a high-pass filter (Rockland model 852, Butterworth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${48}\,\hbox {dB}$$\end{document} 48 dB /octave, cut-off frequency 100 Hz) and a low-pass filter (cut-off frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${9}\,\hbox {kHz}$$\end{document} 9 kHz , otherwise identical to the high-pass filter).

Techniques: