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bath contained hepes buffered tyrode s solution  (Tocris)


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    Tocris bath contained hepes buffered tyrode s solution
    Bath Contained Hepes Buffered Tyrode S Solution, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 601 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/HEPES/us12203932-829-1-15
    Average 96 stars, based on 601 article reviews
    bath contained hepes buffered tyrode s solution - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 binds to all three IP3R isoforms, thereby limiting the Ca2+-flux properties of IP3R homo-tetramers.
    Article Snippet: .. Therefore, the cells were incubated with HEPES imaging buffer containing 0.05 μM ci-IP3/PM (Tocris #6210), 5 μM Cal520-AM (AAT Bioquest, #21130) and 0.01% BSA for 1 h in the dark at room temperature. .. After being washed three times with HEPES imaging buffer, the cells were incubated in imaging buffer containing 5 μM EGTA-AM (#E1219, Invitrogen) for 1 h in the dark at room temperature.

    Imaging:

    Article Title: Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 binds to all three IP3R isoforms, thereby limiting the Ca2+-flux properties of IP3R homo-tetramers.
    Article Snippet: .. Therefore, the cells were incubated with HEPES imaging buffer containing 0.05 μM ci-IP3/PM (Tocris #6210), 5 μM Cal520-AM (AAT Bioquest, #21130) and 0.01% BSA for 1 h in the dark at room temperature. .. After being washed three times with HEPES imaging buffer, the cells were incubated in imaging buffer containing 5 μM EGTA-AM (#E1219, Invitrogen) for 1 h in the dark at room temperature.

    Article Title: iGABASnFR2 is an improved genetically encoded protein sensor of GABA
    Article Snippet: .. For imaging, neuronal culture growth medium was exchanged three times with imaging buffer (145 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) and imaged in 75 μL of imaging buffer and drugs (10 μM CNQX, 10 μM (R)-CPP, 10 μM gabazine, 1 mM (S)-MCPG, Tocris). .. Fluorescence time-lapse images were collected on an Olympus IX81 microscope using a 10x 0.4 NA objective (UPlanSApo, Olympus) and an ET-GFP filter cube (Chroma #49002).

    Transmission Assay:

    Article Title: Reduced Ventral Tegmental Area GABA neuron output contributes to hyperactivity in the activity-based anorexia model in female mice.
    Article Snippet: .. Cesium-chloride internal solution which consisted of (in mM) CsCl 139, NaCl 5, MgCl2 2, EGTA 0.2, HEPES 10, creatine phosphate 10, Na2-ATP 4, Na3-GTP 0.3, spermine 0.1, pH 7.35 was used to record GABA-mediated inhibitory transmission and paired-pulse ratios (PPR) in the presence of 10μM CNQX (6- cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, Tocris 1045) and 50μM D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Tocris 0106). ..

    Article Title: Reduced Ventral Tegmental Area GABA neuron output contributes to hyperactivity in the activity-based anorexia model in female mice
    Article Snippet: .. Cesium-chloride internal solution, which consisted of (in mM) CsCl 139, NaCl 5, MgCl2 2, EGTA 0.2, HEPES 10, creatine phosphate 10, Na2-ATP 4, Na3-GTP 0.3, spermine 0.1, pH 7.35, was used to record GABA-mediated inhibitory transmission and paired-pulse ratios (PPR) in the presence of 10 μM CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, Tocris 1045) and 50 μM D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Tocris 0106). ..

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Compositions and methods for controlling production of polypeptides in cells
    Article Snippet: .. Primary Culture Electrophysiology Recordings of neurons prepared and transfected as above were obtained in Tyrode's medium (in mM: 150 NaCl, 4 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 10 d-glucose, 10 HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.3-7.4 with NaOH, 320-330 osmolarity) supplemented with Tetrodotoxin (TTX; Tocris, 1 μM), (2R)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV; Tocris, 10 μM), and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; Tocris, 25 μM) as indicated, with a standard internal solution (in mM: 130 K-gluconate, 10 KCl, 10 HEPES, 10 EGTA, 2 MgCl2, to pH 7.25 with KOH, 300-310 osmolarity) in 3- to 6-Me glass pipettes. .. Light from a SPECTRA-X Light Engine (Lumencor) with LEDs with individual light power adjusted for uniform light power density of 1 mW/mm2 across wavelengths and 470/15, 513/15, and 585/29 filters were used for blue, green and orange illumination, respectively.

    Virus:

    Article Title: Norepinephrine acts through radial astrocytes in the developing optic tectum to enhance threat detection and escape behavior.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Chicken anti-tyrosine hydroxylase Aves labs Cat#TYH; RRID: AB_10013440 Goat anti-chicken Alexa Fluor 488 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#A-11039; RRID: AB_2534096 Bacterial and virus strains DH5a Competent Cells Life Technologies 18265017; RRID:SCR_008817 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins DAPI stain Invitrogen Cat#D-1306 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin Prospec Bio Cat#HOR-272 Human chorionic gonadotropin Sigma-Aldritch Cat#Cg-10 MS-222 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A5040 L-Cysteine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1276 Ficoll PM 400 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#F4375 Pancuronium dibromide Tocris Cat#0693 UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#16520100 Tetrodotoxin Alomone Labs Cat#T550 Norepinephrine bitartrate Tocris Cat#5169 Prazosin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#0623 Yohimbine hydrochloride Tocris Cat#1127 Adenosine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A9251 Adenosine 5’-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate sodium salt (AMPCP) Tocris Cat#3633 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) Tocris Cat#0439 SCH 58261 Tocris Cat#2270 MRS 1754 Tocris Cat#2752 Carbenoxolone disodium Tocris Cat#3096 (E)-Capsaicin Tocris Cat#0462 Serotonin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#3547 Picrotoxin Tocris Cat#1128 HiPure Liquid Gelatin Norland Cat#HP-03 4% Paraformaldehyde in 0.2M Phosphate Buffer Electron Microscopy Sciences Cat# 15735-30S 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt (NBQX) Tocris Cat#1044 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) Tocris Cat#0106 HEPES free acid VWR CatCA-EM5320 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) VWR Cat#CAJT4095-4 normal goat serum Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G9023 bovine serum albumin Fisher scientific Cat#BP1605100 Tris base (Trizma) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#93352 NaCl Fisher scientific Cat#S271 KCl Sigma-Aldritch Cat#P3911 CaCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C3881 MgCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#M2670 D-(+)-glucose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8270 Sucrose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#S9378 (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026 17 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER #184 Sylgard Kit Paisley Cat#AVDC0184 NaOH Fisher scientific Cat#S318 Cesium methanesulfonate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1426 Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid(EGTA) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#E4378 ATP disodium salt hydrate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A7699 GTP sodium salt Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8877 TEA chloride Sigma-Aldritch Cat#T2265 Aqua-poly/mount Polysciences Cat#1806 Pluronic F-127 Millipore Sigma Cat#P2443 DMSO Millipore Sigma Cat#D8418-100 BAPTA-AM ThermoFisher scientific Cat#B6769 Oregon green BAPTA-AM Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#O-6807 Critical commercial assays SP6 mMessage mMachine Kit Ambion Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#AM1340; RRID:SCR_008452 Endofree Maxi-Prep kit Qiagen Cat#12362 Deposited data Raw quantitative data used to generate figures Figshare Repository Figshare Data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.30822929.v1 Experimental models: Organisms/strains Albino Xenopus laevis NASCO RRID:XEP_Xla300 Recombinant DNA pCMV eGFP-f Gift from Dr. Keith Murai – pGP-CMV-GCaMP6s, used to subclone GCaMP6s into pCS2+ backbone Addgene: Plasmid#40753 pDNA mCherry Clontech Plasmid#632523 pDestTol2 UAS:Trpv1-RFPT cml2c:eGFP, used to subclone Trpv1-tagRFP into pCS2+ backbone to produce pCS2+ mTrpv1tagRFP Gift from Dr. David Prober – pCS2+-EGFP Addgene Plasmid#221710 Software and algorithms Custom software for analyzing calcium data Github: https://github.com/nbenfey/ Norepinephrine-Paper-Python-Scripts N/A FIJI https://imagej.net/software/fiji/ RRID:SCR_002285 Suite2p 0.14.3 https://github.com/MouseLand/suite2p RRID:SCR_016434 GraphPad Prism 8 GraphPad https://www.graphpad.com:443/ scientificsoftware/prism/ RRID:SCR_002798 ThorImage LS 4.1 Thorlabs https://www.thorlabs.com N/A PsychoPy 3.1 https://www.psychopy.org RRID:SCR_006571 pClamp 10.3 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com RRID:SCR_011323 Clampfit 11.2 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com N/A Other PLI-100 picoinjector Harvard Apparatus 64–1735 60mm Petri dish Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#FB0875713A; RRID:SCR_008452 Thorlabs multiphoton imaging system Thorlabs ‘‘A-scope’’ InSight X3Tunable Ultrafast Laser Spectra-physics InsightX3 (Continued on next page) 18 Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Norepinephrine acts through radial astrocytes in the developing optic tectum to enhance threat detection and escape behavior.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Chicken anti-tyrosine hydroxylase Aves labs Cat#TYH; RRID: AB_10013440 Goat anti-chicken Alexa Fluor 488 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#A-11039; RRID: AB_2534096 Bacterial and virus strains DH5a Competent Cells Life Technologies 18265017; RRID:SCR_008817 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins DAPI stain Invitrogen Cat#D-1306 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin Prospec Bio Cat#HOR-272 Human chorionic gonadotropin Sigma-Aldritch Cat#Cg-10 MS-222 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A5040 L-Cysteine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1276 Ficoll PM 400 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#F4375 Pancuronium dibromide Tocris Cat#0693 UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#16520100 Tetrodotoxin Alomone Labs Cat#T550 Norepinephrine bitartrate Tocris Cat#5169 Prazosin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#0623 Yohimbine hydrochloride Tocris Cat#1127 Adenosine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A9251 Adenosine 5’-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate sodium salt (AMPCP) Tocris Cat#3633 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) Tocris Cat#0439 SCH 58261 Tocris Cat#2270 MRS 1754 Tocris Cat#2752 Carbenoxolone disodium Tocris Cat#3096 (E)-Capsaicin Tocris Cat#0462 Serotonin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#3547 Picrotoxin Tocris Cat#1128 HiPure Liquid Gelatin Norland Cat#HP-03 4% Paraformaldehyde in 0.2M Phosphate Buffer Electron Microscopy Sciences Cat# 15735-30S 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt (NBQX) Tocris Cat#1044 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) Tocris Cat#0106 HEPES free acid VWR CatCA-EM5320 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) VWR Cat#CAJT4095-4 normal goat serum Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G9023 bovine serum albumin Fisher scientific Cat#BP1605100 Tris base (Trizma) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#93352 NaCl Fisher scientific Cat#S271 KCl Sigma-Aldritch Cat#P3911 CaCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C3881 MgCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#M2670 D-(+)-glucose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8270 Sucrose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#S9378 (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026 17 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER #184 Sylgard Kit Paisley Cat#AVDC0184 NaOH Fisher scientific Cat#S318 Cesium methanesulfonate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1426 Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid(EGTA) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#E4378 ATP disodium salt hydrate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A7699 GTP sodium salt Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8877 TEA chloride Sigma-Aldritch Cat#T2265 Aqua-poly/mount Polysciences Cat#1806 Pluronic F-127 Millipore Sigma Cat#P2443 DMSO Millipore Sigma Cat#D8418-100 BAPTA-AM ThermoFisher scientific Cat#B6769 Oregon green BAPTA-AM Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#O-6807 Critical commercial assays SP6 mMessage mMachine Kit Ambion Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#AM1340; RRID:SCR_008452 Endofree Maxi-Prep kit Qiagen Cat#12362 Deposited data Raw quantitative data used to generate figures Figshare Repository Figshare Data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.30822929.v1 Experimental models: Organisms/strains Albino Xenopus laevis NASCO RRID:XEP_Xla300 Recombinant DNA pCMV eGFP-f Gift from Dr. Keith Murai – pGP-CMV-GCaMP6s, used to subclone GCaMP6s into pCS2+ backbone Addgene: Plasmid#40753 pDNA mCherry Clontech Plasmid#632523 pDestTol2 UAS:Trpv1-RFPT cml2c:eGFP, used to subclone Trpv1-tagRFP into pCS2+ backbone to produce pCS2+ mTrpv1tagRFP Gift from Dr. David Prober – pCS2+-EGFP Addgene Plasmid#221710 Software and algorithms Custom software for analyzing calcium data Github: https://github.com/nbenfey/ Norepinephrine-Paper-Python-Scripts N/A FIJI https://imagej.net/software/fiji/ RRID:SCR_002285 Suite2p 0.14.3 https://github.com/MouseLand/suite2p RRID:SCR_016434 GraphPad Prism 8 GraphPad https://www.graphpad.com:443/ scientificsoftware/prism/ RRID:SCR_002798 ThorImage LS 4.1 Thorlabs https://www.thorlabs.com N/A PsychoPy 3.1 https://www.psychopy.org RRID:SCR_006571 pClamp 10.3 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com RRID:SCR_011323 Clampfit 11.2 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com N/A Other PLI-100 picoinjector Harvard Apparatus 64–1735 60mm Petri dish Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#FB0875713A; RRID:SCR_008452 Thorlabs multiphoton imaging system Thorlabs ‘‘A-scope’’ InSight X3Tunable Ultrafast Laser Spectra-physics InsightX3 (Continued on next page) 18 Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026

    Staining:

    Article Title: Norepinephrine acts through radial astrocytes in the developing optic tectum to enhance threat detection and escape behavior.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Chicken anti-tyrosine hydroxylase Aves labs Cat#TYH; RRID: AB_10013440 Goat anti-chicken Alexa Fluor 488 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#A-11039; RRID: AB_2534096 Bacterial and virus strains DH5a Competent Cells Life Technologies 18265017; RRID:SCR_008817 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins DAPI stain Invitrogen Cat#D-1306 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin Prospec Bio Cat#HOR-272 Human chorionic gonadotropin Sigma-Aldritch Cat#Cg-10 MS-222 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A5040 L-Cysteine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1276 Ficoll PM 400 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#F4375 Pancuronium dibromide Tocris Cat#0693 UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#16520100 Tetrodotoxin Alomone Labs Cat#T550 Norepinephrine bitartrate Tocris Cat#5169 Prazosin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#0623 Yohimbine hydrochloride Tocris Cat#1127 Adenosine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A9251 Adenosine 5’-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate sodium salt (AMPCP) Tocris Cat#3633 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) Tocris Cat#0439 SCH 58261 Tocris Cat#2270 MRS 1754 Tocris Cat#2752 Carbenoxolone disodium Tocris Cat#3096 (E)-Capsaicin Tocris Cat#0462 Serotonin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#3547 Picrotoxin Tocris Cat#1128 HiPure Liquid Gelatin Norland Cat#HP-03 4% Paraformaldehyde in 0.2M Phosphate Buffer Electron Microscopy Sciences Cat# 15735-30S 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt (NBQX) Tocris Cat#1044 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) Tocris Cat#0106 HEPES free acid VWR CatCA-EM5320 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) VWR Cat#CAJT4095-4 normal goat serum Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G9023 bovine serum albumin Fisher scientific Cat#BP1605100 Tris base (Trizma) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#93352 NaCl Fisher scientific Cat#S271 KCl Sigma-Aldritch Cat#P3911 CaCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C3881 MgCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#M2670 D-(+)-glucose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8270 Sucrose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#S9378 (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026 17 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER #184 Sylgard Kit Paisley Cat#AVDC0184 NaOH Fisher scientific Cat#S318 Cesium methanesulfonate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1426 Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid(EGTA) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#E4378 ATP disodium salt hydrate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A7699 GTP sodium salt Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8877 TEA chloride Sigma-Aldritch Cat#T2265 Aqua-poly/mount Polysciences Cat#1806 Pluronic F-127 Millipore Sigma Cat#P2443 DMSO Millipore Sigma Cat#D8418-100 BAPTA-AM ThermoFisher scientific Cat#B6769 Oregon green BAPTA-AM Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#O-6807 Critical commercial assays SP6 mMessage mMachine Kit Ambion Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#AM1340; RRID:SCR_008452 Endofree Maxi-Prep kit Qiagen Cat#12362 Deposited data Raw quantitative data used to generate figures Figshare Repository Figshare Data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.30822929.v1 Experimental models: Organisms/strains Albino Xenopus laevis NASCO RRID:XEP_Xla300 Recombinant DNA pCMV eGFP-f Gift from Dr. Keith Murai – pGP-CMV-GCaMP6s, used to subclone GCaMP6s into pCS2+ backbone Addgene: Plasmid#40753 pDNA mCherry Clontech Plasmid#632523 pDestTol2 UAS:Trpv1-RFPT cml2c:eGFP, used to subclone Trpv1-tagRFP into pCS2+ backbone to produce pCS2+ mTrpv1tagRFP Gift from Dr. David Prober – pCS2+-EGFP Addgene Plasmid#221710 Software and algorithms Custom software for analyzing calcium data Github: https://github.com/nbenfey/ Norepinephrine-Paper-Python-Scripts N/A FIJI https://imagej.net/software/fiji/ RRID:SCR_002285 Suite2p 0.14.3 https://github.com/MouseLand/suite2p RRID:SCR_016434 GraphPad Prism 8 GraphPad https://www.graphpad.com:443/ scientificsoftware/prism/ RRID:SCR_002798 ThorImage LS 4.1 Thorlabs https://www.thorlabs.com N/A PsychoPy 3.1 https://www.psychopy.org RRID:SCR_006571 pClamp 10.3 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com RRID:SCR_011323 Clampfit 11.2 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com N/A Other PLI-100 picoinjector Harvard Apparatus 64–1735 60mm Petri dish Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#FB0875713A; RRID:SCR_008452 Thorlabs multiphoton imaging system Thorlabs ‘‘A-scope’’ InSight X3Tunable Ultrafast Laser Spectra-physics InsightX3 (Continued on next page) 18 Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026

    Electron Microscopy:

    Article Title: Norepinephrine acts through radial astrocytes in the developing optic tectum to enhance threat detection and escape behavior.
    Article Snippet: .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Chicken anti-tyrosine hydroxylase Aves labs Cat#TYH; RRID: AB_10013440 Goat anti-chicken Alexa Fluor 488 Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#A-11039; RRID: AB_2534096 Bacterial and virus strains DH5a Competent Cells Life Technologies 18265017; RRID:SCR_008817 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins DAPI stain Invitrogen Cat#D-1306 Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin Prospec Bio Cat#HOR-272 Human chorionic gonadotropin Sigma-Aldritch Cat#Cg-10 MS-222 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A5040 L-Cysteine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1276 Ficoll PM 400 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#F4375 Pancuronium dibromide Tocris Cat#0693 UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#16520100 Tetrodotoxin Alomone Labs Cat#T550 Norepinephrine bitartrate Tocris Cat#5169 Prazosin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#0623 Yohimbine hydrochloride Tocris Cat#1127 Adenosine Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A9251 Adenosine 5’-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate sodium salt (AMPCP) Tocris Cat#3633 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) Tocris Cat#0439 SCH 58261 Tocris Cat#2270 MRS 1754 Tocris Cat#2752 Carbenoxolone disodium Tocris Cat#3096 (E)-Capsaicin Tocris Cat#0462 Serotonin hydrochloride Tocris Cat#3547 Picrotoxin Tocris Cat#1128 HiPure Liquid Gelatin Norland Cat#HP-03 4% Paraformaldehyde in 0.2M Phosphate Buffer Electron Microscopy Sciences Cat# 15735-30S 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt (NBQX) Tocris Cat#1044 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) Tocris Cat#0106 HEPES free acid VWR CatCA-EM5320 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) VWR Cat#CAJT4095-4 normal goat serum Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G9023 bovine serum albumin Fisher scientific Cat#BP1605100 Tris base (Trizma) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#93352 NaCl Fisher scientific Cat#S271 KCl Sigma-Aldritch Cat#P3911 CaCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C3881 MgCl2 Sigma-Aldritch Cat#M2670 D-(+)-glucose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8270 Sucrose Sigma-Aldritch Cat#S9378 (Continued on next page) Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026 17 .. REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER #184 Sylgard Kit Paisley Cat#AVDC0184 NaOH Fisher scientific Cat#S318 Cesium methanesulfonate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#C1426 Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid(EGTA) Sigma-Aldritch Cat#E4378 ATP disodium salt hydrate Sigma-Aldritch Cat#A7699 GTP sodium salt Sigma-Aldritch Cat#G8877 TEA chloride Sigma-Aldritch Cat#T2265 Aqua-poly/mount Polysciences Cat#1806 Pluronic F-127 Millipore Sigma Cat#P2443 DMSO Millipore Sigma Cat#D8418-100 BAPTA-AM ThermoFisher scientific Cat#B6769 Oregon green BAPTA-AM Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#O-6807 Critical commercial assays SP6 mMessage mMachine Kit Ambion Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#AM1340; RRID:SCR_008452 Endofree Maxi-Prep kit Qiagen Cat#12362 Deposited data Raw quantitative data used to generate figures Figshare Repository Figshare Data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.30822929.v1 Experimental models: Organisms/strains Albino Xenopus laevis NASCO RRID:XEP_Xla300 Recombinant DNA pCMV eGFP-f Gift from Dr. Keith Murai – pGP-CMV-GCaMP6s, used to subclone GCaMP6s into pCS2+ backbone Addgene: Plasmid#40753 pDNA mCherry Clontech Plasmid#632523 pDestTol2 UAS:Trpv1-RFPT cml2c:eGFP, used to subclone Trpv1-tagRFP into pCS2+ backbone to produce pCS2+ mTrpv1tagRFP Gift from Dr. David Prober – pCS2+-EGFP Addgene Plasmid#221710 Software and algorithms Custom software for analyzing calcium data Github: https://github.com/nbenfey/ Norepinephrine-Paper-Python-Scripts N/A FIJI https://imagej.net/software/fiji/ RRID:SCR_002285 Suite2p 0.14.3 https://github.com/MouseLand/suite2p RRID:SCR_016434 GraphPad Prism 8 GraphPad https://www.graphpad.com:443/ scientificsoftware/prism/ RRID:SCR_002798 ThorImage LS 4.1 Thorlabs https://www.thorlabs.com N/A PsychoPy 3.1 https://www.psychopy.org RRID:SCR_006571 pClamp 10.3 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com RRID:SCR_011323 Clampfit 11.2 Molecular devices https://www. moleculardevices.com N/A Other PLI-100 picoinjector Harvard Apparatus 64–1735 60mm Petri dish Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#FB0875713A; RRID:SCR_008452 Thorlabs multiphoton imaging system Thorlabs ‘‘A-scope’’ InSight X3Tunable Ultrafast Laser Spectra-physics InsightX3 (Continued on next page) 18 Cell Reports 45, 116911, February 24, 2026



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    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/Tyrode's+Solution/pm41474071-59-1-5
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    buffer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    96/100 stars
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    hepes buffered medium  (Thermo Fisher)
    94
    Thermo Fisher hepes buffered medium
    Hepes Buffered Medium, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/Tyrode's+Solution%2C+HEPES-buffered/pmc12892775-36-8-10
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    hepes buffered medium - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
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    tyrode  (Thermo Fisher)
    94
    Thermo Fisher tyrode
    Tyrode, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/Tyrode's+Solution%2C+HEPES-buffered/pm40938731-54-25-28
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    tyrode - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
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    tyrode standard solution ts  (Thermo Fisher)
    94
    Thermo Fisher tyrode standard solution ts
    Tyrode Standard Solution Ts, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/Tyrode's+Solution%2C+HEPES-buffered/pm40460736-68-36-32
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    tyrode standard solution ts - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
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    hepes buffered tyrode s solution  (Thermo Fisher)
    99
    Thermo Fisher hepes buffered tyrode s solution
    Hepes Buffered Tyrode S Solution, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/tyrode+buffer+solution/HEPES/us12378523-532-21-29
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    hepes buffered tyrode s solution - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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