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rat anti cd68  (Bio-Rad)


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    Bio-Rad rat anti cd68
    Rat Anti Cd68, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 3149 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/mouse+cd68/Rat+anti+Mouse+CD68/pmc13106956-39-35-38
    Average 96 stars, based on 3149 article reviews
    rat anti cd68 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    96/100 stars

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    Incubation:

    Article Title: Mucosal microbiota and intraepithelial lymphocyte remodeling link maternal immune activation to neuroimmune outcomes in female and male offspring.
    Article Snippet: The sections were then quenched with methanol containing 1% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min, followed by incubation with 1× PBS supplemented with 10% goat serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. No. D9663) for 1h at RT. .. Next, the slices were incubated for 24h at 4°C with a 1× PBS solution containing a 1:500 anti-Iba1 (Wako, Osaka, Japan, Cat. No. 019-19741), 1:500 anti-CD68 (BioRad, Cat. No. MCA1957), or 1:500 anti-C3 (Abcam, Cat. No. ab11862) antibody, 1% goat serum, and 0.25% Triton-X-100. .. After incubation, the sections were washed with 1× PBS and incubated for 2h at RT with 1:500 goat anti-rabbit AlexaFluor 488 (Life Technologies, Cat. No. A11006) and goat anti-rat AlexaFluor 595 (Life Technologies, Cat. No. A-11007).

    Article Title: Unveiling the gut microbiome-immune-brain axis in schizophrenia
    Article Snippet: .. After the blocking, slides were drained and incubated with 1:500 anti-CD68 (BioRad, Cat. No. MCA1957) or 1:500 anti-C3 (Abcam, Cat. No. ab11862) in 1× PBS containing 1% goat serum and 0.25% Triton-X-100 overnight at 4 °C. .. For Iba1 staining, slices were incubated for 48 h at 4°C with a 1× PBS solution supplemented with 0.25% Triton X-100 and 1% goat serum containing 1:500 of anti-Iba1 (Wako, Cat.No.

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Unveiling the gut microbiome-immune-brain axis in schizophrenia
    Article Snippet: .. After the blocking, slides were drained and incubated with 1:500 anti-CD68 (BioRad, Cat. No. MCA1957) or 1:500 anti-C3 (Abcam, Cat. No. ab11862) in 1× PBS containing 1% goat serum and 0.25% Triton-X-100 overnight at 4 °C. .. For Iba1 staining, slices were incubated for 48 h at 4°C with a 1× PBS solution supplemented with 0.25% Triton X-100 and 1% goat serum containing 1:500 of anti-Iba1 (Wako, Cat.No.

    Activation Assay:

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Marker:

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Staining:

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Article Title: Gene regulatory network analysis identifies auranofin as an anti-atherosclerotic drug.
    Article Snippet: For staining, 5 μm thick serial sections were cut using the Leica CM3050 S Research Cryostat (Leica Biosystems). .. Sections were stained for macrophages (Rat anti-mouse CD68, MCA1957, dilution 1:25, Bio-Rad). .. Briefly, sections were fixed in cold acetone (catalog no. HC-300, Fisher Scientific) at room temperature (RT) for 10min and endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked using 0.03% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, catalog no. H325-100, Fisher Scientific), at room temperature for 10min, before blocking with 5% BSA (catalog no. 001- 000-162, Jackson ImmunoResearch) and primary antibody incubation, overnight at 4 °C.

    Tissue:

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Saline:

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain
    Article Snippet: .. Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS. .. Tissues were then blocked in serum (10% normal goat or donkey, NGS or NDS) in PBS with 0.01% Triton X‐100 (NDS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 017‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2337258; NGS, Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 005‐000‐121, RRID: AB_2336990).

    Immunohistochemistry:

    Article Title: Injury-transduced oligodendrocytes modulate neuroinflammation and glial activation in diseased and non-diseased central nervous system.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibodies used for IHC are listed below: Goat polyclonal antiSerpina3n (1:200, R&D System, Cat# AF4709; RRID:AB_2270116), Rabbit polyclonal anti-IBA1 (1:100, WAKO, Cat# 019-19741; RRID:AB_839504), Rabbit polyclonal anti-SOX10 (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab27655; RRID: AB_778021), Mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP (1:200, or 1:20,000, Agilent, Cat# Z0334; RRID:AB_10013382), Rat monoclonal anti-CD68 (1:200, Bio-Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_3100585), Mouse monoclonal anti-APC (Ab-7) (CC1) (1:100, Millipore, Cat#OP80; RRID: AB_213434), Rabbit monoclonal anti-TCF4/TCF7L2 (C48H11) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat#2569S; RRID:AB_2199816), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-Stat3 (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 4904, RRID:AB_331269), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 9145; RRID:AB_2491009), Rabbit polyclonal anti-RFP (1:200, Rockland, Cat# 600-401-379; RRID:AB_2209751), Mouse monoclonal anti-Aβ1-16 (1:100, clone 6E10, Nature Communications | (2026) 17:10347 14 BioLegend,Cat#803001; RRID:AB_2715854), Ratmonoclonal anti-I-A/IE (1:100, BD Pharmingen, Cat# 556999; RRID:AB_396545), Mouse monoclonal anti-NeuN (1:100, Millipore, Cat# MAB377; RRID:AB_2298772), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-phospho-p65 (Ser536) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3033, RRID:AB_331284), Mouse monoclonal anti-CD45 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# 14-0451-82; RRID:AB_467251), Rabbit polyclonal antiCD74 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-22113; RRID:AB_11157006), Chicken polyclonal anti-GFP (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab13970; RRID:AB_300798), Mouse monoclonal anti-PLP1 (1:200, Thermo Fisher, Cat# MA1-80034; RRID: AB_2299793), Rat monoclonal anti-MBP (1:200, Novus, Cat# NB600-717; RRID: AB_2139899), Mouse anti-GST-π (1:100, BD Bioscience, Cat# 610718; RRID: AB_398042), Mouse monoclonal anti-SMI32 (1:200, Covance, Cat# SMI-32R-100, RRID:AB_509997), Mouse monoclonal anti-4 Hydroxynonenal (4HNE, 1:100, Abcam, Cat# ab46545, RRID: AB_722490). .. All secondary antibodies used for IHCwere from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories.

    Cell-Signaling:

    Article Title: Injury-transduced oligodendrocytes modulate neuroinflammation and glial activation in diseased and non-diseased central nervous system.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibodies used for IHC are listed below: Goat polyclonal antiSerpina3n (1:200, R&D System, Cat# AF4709; RRID:AB_2270116), Rabbit polyclonal anti-IBA1 (1:100, WAKO, Cat# 019-19741; RRID:AB_839504), Rabbit polyclonal anti-SOX10 (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab27655; RRID: AB_778021), Mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP (1:200, or 1:20,000, Agilent, Cat# Z0334; RRID:AB_10013382), Rat monoclonal anti-CD68 (1:200, Bio-Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_3100585), Mouse monoclonal anti-APC (Ab-7) (CC1) (1:100, Millipore, Cat#OP80; RRID: AB_213434), Rabbit monoclonal anti-TCF4/TCF7L2 (C48H11) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat#2569S; RRID:AB_2199816), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-Stat3 (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 4904, RRID:AB_331269), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 9145; RRID:AB_2491009), Rabbit polyclonal anti-RFP (1:200, Rockland, Cat# 600-401-379; RRID:AB_2209751), Mouse monoclonal anti-Aβ1-16 (1:100, clone 6E10, Nature Communications | (2026) 17:10347 14 BioLegend,Cat#803001; RRID:AB_2715854), Ratmonoclonal anti-I-A/IE (1:100, BD Pharmingen, Cat# 556999; RRID:AB_396545), Mouse monoclonal anti-NeuN (1:100, Millipore, Cat# MAB377; RRID:AB_2298772), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-phospho-p65 (Ser536) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3033, RRID:AB_331284), Mouse monoclonal anti-CD45 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# 14-0451-82; RRID:AB_467251), Rabbit polyclonal antiCD74 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-22113; RRID:AB_11157006), Chicken polyclonal anti-GFP (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab13970; RRID:AB_300798), Mouse monoclonal anti-PLP1 (1:200, Thermo Fisher, Cat# MA1-80034; RRID: AB_2299793), Rat monoclonal anti-MBP (1:200, Novus, Cat# NB600-717; RRID: AB_2139899), Mouse anti-GST-π (1:100, BD Bioscience, Cat# 610718; RRID: AB_398042), Mouse monoclonal anti-SMI32 (1:200, Covance, Cat# SMI-32R-100, RRID:AB_509997), Mouse monoclonal anti-4 Hydroxynonenal (4HNE, 1:100, Abcam, Cat# ab46545, RRID: AB_722490). .. All secondary antibodies used for IHCwere from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories.

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Injury-transduced oligodendrocytes modulate neuroinflammation and glial activation in diseased and non-diseased central nervous system.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibodies used for IHC are listed below: Goat polyclonal antiSerpina3n (1:200, R&D System, Cat# AF4709; RRID:AB_2270116), Rabbit polyclonal anti-IBA1 (1:100, WAKO, Cat# 019-19741; RRID:AB_839504), Rabbit polyclonal anti-SOX10 (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab27655; RRID: AB_778021), Mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP (1:200, or 1:20,000, Agilent, Cat# Z0334; RRID:AB_10013382), Rat monoclonal anti-CD68 (1:200, Bio-Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_3100585), Mouse monoclonal anti-APC (Ab-7) (CC1) (1:100, Millipore, Cat#OP80; RRID: AB_213434), Rabbit monoclonal anti-TCF4/TCF7L2 (C48H11) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat#2569S; RRID:AB_2199816), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-Stat3 (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 4904, RRID:AB_331269), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (1:100, Cell Signaling, Cat# 9145; RRID:AB_2491009), Rabbit polyclonal anti-RFP (1:200, Rockland, Cat# 600-401-379; RRID:AB_2209751), Mouse monoclonal anti-Aβ1-16 (1:100, clone 6E10, Nature Communications | (2026) 17:10347 14 BioLegend,Cat#803001; RRID:AB_2715854), Ratmonoclonal anti-I-A/IE (1:100, BD Pharmingen, Cat# 556999; RRID:AB_396545), Mouse monoclonal anti-NeuN (1:100, Millipore, Cat# MAB377; RRID:AB_2298772), Rabbit recombinant monoclonal anti-phospho-p65 (Ser536) (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3033, RRID:AB_331284), Mouse monoclonal anti-CD45 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# 14-0451-82; RRID:AB_467251), Rabbit polyclonal antiCD74 (1:100, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-22113; RRID:AB_11157006), Chicken polyclonal anti-GFP (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab13970; RRID:AB_300798), Mouse monoclonal anti-PLP1 (1:200, Thermo Fisher, Cat# MA1-80034; RRID: AB_2299793), Rat monoclonal anti-MBP (1:200, Novus, Cat# NB600-717; RRID: AB_2139899), Mouse anti-GST-π (1:100, BD Bioscience, Cat# 610718; RRID: AB_398042), Mouse monoclonal anti-SMI32 (1:200, Covance, Cat# SMI-32R-100, RRID:AB_509997), Mouse monoclonal anti-4 Hydroxynonenal (4HNE, 1:100, Abcam, Cat# ab46545, RRID: AB_722490). .. All secondary antibodies used for IHCwere from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories.



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    Depletion of T cells prevents ICI treatment‐induced microglial activation. (A) Experimental Design: Transgenic T‐DTR mice received diphtheria toxin A (DT) either 2 days before or 7 days after ICI treatment (anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐1). ICI treatments were given for 3 weeks (see Materials & Methods for details). WT (C57Bl/6) mice receiving either ITC or ICI treatment were used for comparison. Brains were collected at 72 h after completion of ICI treatments. (B) Representative dual‐immunofluorescence confocal z‐stacks depicting microglial activation (CD68, magenta, IBA1, green, and DAPI nuclear counterstaining) from T‐DTR and WT mouse hippocampus. (C) A 3D surface rendering of CD68‐IBA1 + activated microglia from the WT + ICI group (white arrows). (D) Volumetric quantification of CD68 and IBA1 immunoreactivity showing ICI treatment elevated microglial activation in WT + ICI group compared to WT + Vehicle. T cell depletion (T‐DTR mice) did not lead to microglial activation. Data are presented as Mean ± SEM, N = 6–8 mice/group. P ‐values were derived from ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparisons test. Scale bar, 50 µm (A,B).

    Journal: Advanced Science

    Article Title: Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell‐Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition‐Related Adverse Events in the Brain

    doi: 10.1002/advs.77733

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Depletion of T cells prevents ICI treatment‐induced microglial activation. (A) Experimental Design: Transgenic T‐DTR mice received diphtheria toxin A (DT) either 2 days before or 7 days after ICI treatment (anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐1). ICI treatments were given for 3 weeks (see Materials & Methods for details). WT (C57Bl/6) mice receiving either ITC or ICI treatment were used for comparison. Brains were collected at 72 h after completion of ICI treatments. (B) Representative dual‐immunofluorescence confocal z‐stacks depicting microglial activation (CD68, magenta, IBA1, green, and DAPI nuclear counterstaining) from T‐DTR and WT mouse hippocampus. (C) A 3D surface rendering of CD68‐IBA1 + activated microglia from the WT + ICI group (white arrows). (D) Volumetric quantification of CD68 and IBA1 immunoreactivity showing ICI treatment elevated microglial activation in WT + ICI group compared to WT + Vehicle. T cell depletion (T‐DTR mice) did not lead to microglial activation. Data are presented as Mean ± SEM, N = 6–8 mice/group. P ‐values were derived from ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparisons test. Scale bar, 50 µm (A,B).

    Article Snippet: Primary antibodies to characterize microglial activation include rat anti‐mouse CD68 (1:500, Bio‐Rad, Cat# MCA1957; RRID: AB_322219), and rabbit anti‐IBA1 (1:500, Wako, Cat# 019–19741; RRID: AB_839504).Secondary antibodies used for CD68 marker 1:1000; Goat anti Rat AF 647 (Abcam; Cat. ab150159), and 1:500; Goat anti Rabbit AF 488 (FisherSci; Cat. a11008) for IBA1 marker] For staining, tissue sections were first washed 3 times in phosphate‐buffered saline (1 × PBS, 100 m m , pH 7.4, FisherSci) and, when necessary, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer incubation (10 m m , pH 6 with 0.05% Tween‐20, Sigma) at 70°C for 45 min. Tissues were then incubated in borate buffer (pH 8.5, 100 m m , Sigma, Cat. B0394) for 10 min, followed by three 5‐min washes in 1 × PBS.

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Transgenic Assay, Comparison, Immunofluorescence, Confocal, Derivative Assay