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human il 12  (Miltenyi Biotec)


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    Structured Review

    Miltenyi Biotec human il 12
    NK cell proliferation, biogenesis, and metabolic respiration are heightened during active resolution of neovascular lesions (A) scRNA-seq experimental design for 12- to 16-week-old wild-type male mice treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PBS or IL-18 and subjected to laser-induced CNV ( n = 4 mice/group, ≥3 lesions/eye). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Isolectin B4 analysis of CNV size in RPE/choroid flatmounts ( n = 11 PBS; n = 17 IL-18 [lesions]). (C) UMAP (Scanpy) of CNV tissue from PBS- and IL-18-treated mice ( n = 8 eyes/condition). Bar chart shows treatment-specific cell-type proportions; see also A. (D) Dot plot of known marker genes across cell types. Dot size indicates proportion of cells in cluster expressing a gene; color indicates relative level of expression. (E) UMAP showing predicted cell-cycle phase with summary bar chart of phase distribution per cell type. (F) Top 20 DEGs in NK cells (IL-18 vs. PBS), ranked by Wilcoxon significance; see also B. (G) Dot plot of NK-related genes in NK1 and NK2 populations under PBS or IL-18 treatment. (H) Ncr1 and CD3ε expression in cells from RPE/choroid of mice ( n = 8 eyes). (I) Pou2f2 , Klrg1, Klrk1 , and Klrb1c gene expression in PBS- versus IL-18-treated mice. (J) Functional enrichment analysis of genes differentially upregulated in NK2 vs. NK1 cells in IL-18-treated samples only; see also A. (K and L) Flow cytometry analysis of CNV tissue from 8- to 10-week-old C57Bl/6J mice treated with PBS or IL-18 ( n = 3 mice/group); see B for gating. (M and N) Flow cytometry of CD69 and IFN-γ expression in splenocytes from naive C57Bl/6J mice (8–10 week old) treated ex vivo with PBS or rIL-18 (three mice per group); see C. (O) Seahorse analysis of energetic phenotype of NK cells isolated from C57Bl/6J mouse splenocytes unstimulated vs. <t>IL-2/IL-12</t> pair vs. IL-18 alone. Bar charts presented as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01. Following normality testing, unpaired t tests or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare groups.
    Human Il 12, supplied by Miltenyi Biotec, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 42 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/il+12/Human+IL-12%2C+premium+grade/pmc13293971-72-0-3
    Average 93 stars, based on 42 article reviews
    human il 12 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    93/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Circulating natural killer cells are phenotypically and functionally altered in age-related macular degeneration"

    Article Title: Circulating natural killer cells are phenotypically and functionally altered in age-related macular degeneration

    Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

    doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102792

    NK cell proliferation, biogenesis, and metabolic respiration are heightened during active resolution of neovascular lesions (A) scRNA-seq experimental design for 12- to 16-week-old wild-type male mice treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PBS or IL-18 and subjected to laser-induced CNV ( n = 4 mice/group, ≥3 lesions/eye). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Isolectin B4 analysis of CNV size in RPE/choroid flatmounts ( n = 11 PBS; n = 17 IL-18 [lesions]). (C) UMAP (Scanpy) of CNV tissue from PBS- and IL-18-treated mice ( n = 8 eyes/condition). Bar chart shows treatment-specific cell-type proportions; see also A. (D) Dot plot of known marker genes across cell types. Dot size indicates proportion of cells in cluster expressing a gene; color indicates relative level of expression. (E) UMAP showing predicted cell-cycle phase with summary bar chart of phase distribution per cell type. (F) Top 20 DEGs in NK cells (IL-18 vs. PBS), ranked by Wilcoxon significance; see also B. (G) Dot plot of NK-related genes in NK1 and NK2 populations under PBS or IL-18 treatment. (H) Ncr1 and CD3ε expression in cells from RPE/choroid of mice ( n = 8 eyes). (I) Pou2f2 , Klrg1, Klrk1 , and Klrb1c gene expression in PBS- versus IL-18-treated mice. (J) Functional enrichment analysis of genes differentially upregulated in NK2 vs. NK1 cells in IL-18-treated samples only; see also A. (K and L) Flow cytometry analysis of CNV tissue from 8- to 10-week-old C57Bl/6J mice treated with PBS or IL-18 ( n = 3 mice/group); see B for gating. (M and N) Flow cytometry of CD69 and IFN-γ expression in splenocytes from naive C57Bl/6J mice (8–10 week old) treated ex vivo with PBS or rIL-18 (three mice per group); see C. (O) Seahorse analysis of energetic phenotype of NK cells isolated from C57Bl/6J mouse splenocytes unstimulated vs. IL-2/IL-12 pair vs. IL-18 alone. Bar charts presented as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01. Following normality testing, unpaired t tests or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare groups.
    Figure Legend Snippet: NK cell proliferation, biogenesis, and metabolic respiration are heightened during active resolution of neovascular lesions (A) scRNA-seq experimental design for 12- to 16-week-old wild-type male mice treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PBS or IL-18 and subjected to laser-induced CNV ( n = 4 mice/group, ≥3 lesions/eye). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Isolectin B4 analysis of CNV size in RPE/choroid flatmounts ( n = 11 PBS; n = 17 IL-18 [lesions]). (C) UMAP (Scanpy) of CNV tissue from PBS- and IL-18-treated mice ( n = 8 eyes/condition). Bar chart shows treatment-specific cell-type proportions; see also A. (D) Dot plot of known marker genes across cell types. Dot size indicates proportion of cells in cluster expressing a gene; color indicates relative level of expression. (E) UMAP showing predicted cell-cycle phase with summary bar chart of phase distribution per cell type. (F) Top 20 DEGs in NK cells (IL-18 vs. PBS), ranked by Wilcoxon significance; see also B. (G) Dot plot of NK-related genes in NK1 and NK2 populations under PBS or IL-18 treatment. (H) Ncr1 and CD3ε expression in cells from RPE/choroid of mice ( n = 8 eyes). (I) Pou2f2 , Klrg1, Klrk1 , and Klrb1c gene expression in PBS- versus IL-18-treated mice. (J) Functional enrichment analysis of genes differentially upregulated in NK2 vs. NK1 cells in IL-18-treated samples only; see also A. (K and L) Flow cytometry analysis of CNV tissue from 8- to 10-week-old C57Bl/6J mice treated with PBS or IL-18 ( n = 3 mice/group); see B for gating. (M and N) Flow cytometry of CD69 and IFN-γ expression in splenocytes from naive C57Bl/6J mice (8–10 week old) treated ex vivo with PBS or rIL-18 (three mice per group); see C. (O) Seahorse analysis of energetic phenotype of NK cells isolated from C57Bl/6J mouse splenocytes unstimulated vs. IL-2/IL-12 pair vs. IL-18 alone. Bar charts presented as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01. Following normality testing, unpaired t tests or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare groups.

    Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Gene Expression, Functional Assay, Flow Cytometry, Ex Vivo, Isolation, Comparison

    NK cells are found localized adjacent to neovessels in nAMD (A) HRMEC cells were treated for 24 h with 100 μM etoposide and analyzed for expression of markers of cellular senescence ( n = 3). (B) Representative image of β-galactosidase expression in control versus etoposide-treated HRMECs ( n = 3). Scale bar: 200 μm. (C) NKG2DL expression on HRMECs treated with etoposide ( n = 3); see primer list in A. (D–H) NK92MI cells were treated for 18 h with IL-15/18 and incubated with or without HRMECs for 4 h, scale bar: 400 μm, (E) expression of CD107a measured by flow cytometry ( n = 4), (F) cell viability measured by MTS assay ( n = 3), (G) lytic cell death measured by LDH assay ( n = 4), and (H) target cell apoptosis measured by caspase-3/-7 assay ( n = 4). (I) PBMCs were isolated from healthy donors, treated with NK-activating cytokines (IL-12/15 or IL-15/18) for 18 h, and incubated with or without HRMECs for 4 h. Expression of CD107a was measured by flow cytometry ( n = 3–5); see also B. (J and K) Representative and control immunostaining of NCR1 (red) and UEA-1 (green) in cross-sections from non-disease donor controls ( n = 3); see donor information in D. (L) H&E staining in human donor eye with CNV. Orange autofluorescence due to RPE lipofuscin. ∗denotes area of CNV. (M–P) Representative immunostaining of NCR1 (red) and UEA-1 (green) in cross-sections of patients with nAMD ( n = 3); higher magnifications of lesional tissue of one donor shown in Na&b. High-magnification images of two further donors shown in (O) and (M). Closed white arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining at or adjacent to blood vessels. Open white arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining in choroidal tissue. Yellow arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining at the neovascular membrane. Graphical data presented as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05 ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.005, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.001. Following normality testing, unpaired t tests or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare groups.
    Figure Legend Snippet: NK cells are found localized adjacent to neovessels in nAMD (A) HRMEC cells were treated for 24 h with 100 μM etoposide and analyzed for expression of markers of cellular senescence ( n = 3). (B) Representative image of β-galactosidase expression in control versus etoposide-treated HRMECs ( n = 3). Scale bar: 200 μm. (C) NKG2DL expression on HRMECs treated with etoposide ( n = 3); see primer list in A. (D–H) NK92MI cells were treated for 18 h with IL-15/18 and incubated with or without HRMECs for 4 h, scale bar: 400 μm, (E) expression of CD107a measured by flow cytometry ( n = 4), (F) cell viability measured by MTS assay ( n = 3), (G) lytic cell death measured by LDH assay ( n = 4), and (H) target cell apoptosis measured by caspase-3/-7 assay ( n = 4). (I) PBMCs were isolated from healthy donors, treated with NK-activating cytokines (IL-12/15 or IL-15/18) for 18 h, and incubated with or without HRMECs for 4 h. Expression of CD107a was measured by flow cytometry ( n = 3–5); see also B. (J and K) Representative and control immunostaining of NCR1 (red) and UEA-1 (green) in cross-sections from non-disease donor controls ( n = 3); see donor information in D. (L) H&E staining in human donor eye with CNV. Orange autofluorescence due to RPE lipofuscin. ∗denotes area of CNV. (M–P) Representative immunostaining of NCR1 (red) and UEA-1 (green) in cross-sections of patients with nAMD ( n = 3); higher magnifications of lesional tissue of one donor shown in Na&b. High-magnification images of two further donors shown in (O) and (M). Closed white arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining at or adjacent to blood vessels. Open white arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining in choroidal tissue. Yellow arrows denote areas of NCR1 + staining at the neovascular membrane. Graphical data presented as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05 ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.005, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.001. Following normality testing, unpaired t tests or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were used to compare groups.

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Control, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, MTS Assay, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Isolation, Immunostaining, Staining, Membrane, Comparison

    NK cell immunotherapy reduces neovascular lesion volume and repairs neovessel barrier integrity in models of retinal neovascularization (A) Schematic representation of therapeutic administration of isolated, activated NCR1-GFP − or NCR1-GFP + NK cells in liCNV model in C57Bl/6J mice. (B) RPE/choroid flatmounts from wild-type mice receiving adoptive transfer of IL-12/-15/-18-activated NCR1-GFP − NK cells (top panel) or NCR1-GFP + NK cells were stained for isolectin B4 (red) and DAPI (blue) at 3 days post-liCNV ( n = 4 eyes, 3–4 lesions/eye). Scale bar: 58 μm. (C and D) Schematic representation of therapeutic administration of isolated, activated NK cells in the liCNV model. (D) RPE/choroid flatmounts were stained for isolectin B4 (green) and CNV volume was analyzed by confocal microscopy and IMARIS. n = 5 mice/group, 3 CNVs/eye. Scale bar: 115 μm. (E) Schematic representation of adoptive transfer of isolated, activated C57Bl/6J NK cells in a JR5558 model of spontaneous retinal vascularization ( n = 3–4 mice/group). (E) Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed prior to (top), and 5 days following (bottom), NK cell administration. (F) Quantification of leakage area from retinal neovascular lesions. Graphical data presented as mean ± SEM; statistical analysis by unpaired t test or two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test where ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01.
    Figure Legend Snippet: NK cell immunotherapy reduces neovascular lesion volume and repairs neovessel barrier integrity in models of retinal neovascularization (A) Schematic representation of therapeutic administration of isolated, activated NCR1-GFP − or NCR1-GFP + NK cells in liCNV model in C57Bl/6J mice. (B) RPE/choroid flatmounts from wild-type mice receiving adoptive transfer of IL-12/-15/-18-activated NCR1-GFP − NK cells (top panel) or NCR1-GFP + NK cells were stained for isolectin B4 (red) and DAPI (blue) at 3 days post-liCNV ( n = 4 eyes, 3–4 lesions/eye). Scale bar: 58 μm. (C and D) Schematic representation of therapeutic administration of isolated, activated NK cells in the liCNV model. (D) RPE/choroid flatmounts were stained for isolectin B4 (green) and CNV volume was analyzed by confocal microscopy and IMARIS. n = 5 mice/group, 3 CNVs/eye. Scale bar: 115 μm. (E) Schematic representation of adoptive transfer of isolated, activated C57Bl/6J NK cells in a JR5558 model of spontaneous retinal vascularization ( n = 3–4 mice/group). (E) Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed prior to (top), and 5 days following (bottom), NK cell administration. (F) Quantification of leakage area from retinal neovascular lesions. Graphical data presented as mean ± SEM; statistical analysis by unpaired t test or two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test where ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01.

    Techniques Used: Isolation, Adoptive Transfer Assay, Staining, Confocal Microscopy

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    Flow Cytometry:

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    Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

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    Activity Assay:

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    Concentration Assay:

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    Isolation:

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    Ex Vivo:

    Article Title: Vδ2 T cell activation by malaria is enhanced in second infection via the cell extrinsic cytokine milieu
    Article Snippet: Sorted naive CD4 + T cells were labelled with 5 μM of CellTrace Violet (1/2500; Biolegend #CD34557A) in PBS for 20 minutes in a 37°C, quenched for 10 minutes in R10 before being used as responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. .. 5 x 10 4 isolated naive CD4 T cells ( n = 12) were combined in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction with 10 5 isolated γδ T cells ( n = 6) ex vivo , and from media, uRBC or pRBC cultures, and with Human T-Activator CD3/CD28 DynabeadsTM (Gibco, Cat. #11161D) plus recombinant cytokines 1ng/mL IL-12 (Miltenyi Biotec; Cat. #130-096- 704), 25ng/mL IL-23 (Miltenyi Biotec; Cat. #130-095-757) and 5ng/mL TGF-β1(Miltenyi Biotec; #130-095-067) for 6 days at 37°C, 5% CO2 R10 supplemented with 100 IU/mL IL-2 . ..

    other:

    Article Title: Circulating natural killer cells are phenotypically and functionally altered in age-related macular degeneration.
    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) Merck Cat# F9665-500ML Pen-Strep Merck Cat# P4333-100ML OCT mounting media VWR Cat# 361603E MMLV reverse transcriptase Promega Cat# PAM5313 10nm Random Hexamers IDT Cat# 51-01-18-25 RNaseOUTTM Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor Invitrogen Cat# 10777019 RPMI Merck Cat# R8758-500ML Myo-Inositol Sigma Cat# I7508-50G L-Glutamine Sigma Cat# G8540-10MG Folic Acid Sigma Cat# F7876-1G Horse Serum Sigma Cat# H1270-500ML LIVE/DEADTM Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit, for 405 nm excitation Thermo Fisher Cat# L34957 Proteinase K Thermo Fisher Cat# EO0491 Ethidium Bromide solution Thermo Fisher Cat# 17898 HBSS BioSciences Cat# 14025050 HEPES Buffer Merck Cat# C-40010 DNAse I Merck Cat# 10104159001 Bovine Serum Albumin Merck Cat# 05470 Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Merck Cat# P8340 Triton X-100 Merck Cat# 93422 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium MV2 Kit Merck Cat# C-22121 Lymphoprep Stemcell Technologies Cat# 18061 Hyclone Trypan Blue Thermo Fischer Cat# SV3008401 Murine Recombinant IL-18 GSK/Biotechne Cat# 9139-IL * Human Recombinant IL-18 Biotechne Cat# 9124-IL Human IL-12 Miltenyi Biotec Cat# 130-096-705 Recombinant Mouse IL-12 Biotechne Cat# 419-ML Human IL-15 Miltenyi Biotec Cat# 130-095-760 Murine Recombinant IL-15 Peprotech® Cat# 210-15-10UG BD Cytofix/CytoPerm BD Biosciences Cat# 554722; RRID: AB_2869010 BD GolgiPlug BD Biosciences Cat# 15847968 Incucyte® Caspase-3/7 Dye for Apoptosis Sartorius Cat# 4440 Etoposide Thermo Fisher Cat# J63651.MB Oligomycin Sigma Cat# O4876 Rotenone Sigma Cat# 557368 Antimycin Sigma Cat# A8674 2-deoxyglucose Sigma Cat# D8375 Critical commercial assays E.Z.N.A.® Total RNA Kit I Omega-BIO-TEK Cat# R6834-02 SensiFASTTM SYBR® No-ROX Kit Bioline/Meridian Bioscience Cat# BIO-98020 Mouse NK Cell Isolation Kit Miltenyi Cat# 130-115-818 CyQuant LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Life Technologies Cat# C20301 Deposited data Mouse liCNV scRNA-seq This paper GEO: GSE318755 Mouse IL-18 scRNA-seq datset This paper GEO: GSE317763 (Continued on next page) Cell Reports Medicine 7, 102792, June 16, 2026 e2 Article ll OPEN ACCESS

    Multiplex Assay:

    Article Title: Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cell Characterization in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
    Article Snippet: .. Each well contained 1 mL of media (Cell Genix GMP #20801-0500, and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) Götingen, Germany) with 10% human serum (Sigma-Aldrich #H4522, Burlington, MA, USA), 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Corning #30-002, Tewksbury, MA, USA), 1 μg/mL Clindamycin (Fresenius Kabi #10030860, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), 1 μg/mL Amphotericin (Sigma-Aldrich #A2942, Burlington, MA, USA) and 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin (Fresenius Kabi #10071960, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), as well as IL-2 (1000 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-097-746, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), IL-12 (10 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-096-798, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), and IL-15 (180 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-095-765, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). ..

    Immunofluorescence:

    Article Title: Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cell Characterization in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
    Article Snippet: .. Each well contained 1 mL of media (Cell Genix GMP #20801-0500, and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) Götingen, Germany) with 10% human serum (Sigma-Aldrich #H4522, Burlington, MA, USA), 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Corning #30-002, Tewksbury, MA, USA), 1 μg/mL Clindamycin (Fresenius Kabi #10030860, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), 1 μg/mL Amphotericin (Sigma-Aldrich #A2942, Burlington, MA, USA) and 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin (Fresenius Kabi #10071960, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), as well as IL-2 (1000 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-097-746, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), IL-12 (10 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-096-798, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), and IL-15 (180 IU/mL, Miltenyi #130-095-765, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). ..



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    Image Search Results


    A) IL-12 binding of CDR3-sequence clustered clones in ELISA with crude extracts shows four CDR3 clusters with IL-12 binding >2 times background (OD 480 nm of 0.05), selected clones are indicated in orange. Data shown is from a single experiment. B) ELISA dose-response curve of the wildtype QSY-2 clones binding to immobilised IL-12 Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent mean values from a single experiment conducted in technical triplicates.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Affinity maturation of a single-domain antibody via rational mutagenesis informed by artificial intelligence

    doi: 10.64898/2026.10.13.758789

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A) IL-12 binding of CDR3-sequence clustered clones in ELISA with crude extracts shows four CDR3 clusters with IL-12 binding >2 times background (OD 480 nm of 0.05), selected clones are indicated in orange. Data shown is from a single experiment. B) ELISA dose-response curve of the wildtype QSY-2 clones binding to immobilised IL-12 Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent mean values from a single experiment conducted in technical triplicates.

    Article Snippet: Phage display selections were performed on recombinant IL-12 (Sino Biological, CT011-H08H) in three panning rounds.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Sequencing, Clone Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    A) Structure prediction of the IL-12 heterodimer in complex with the lead sdAb 2F3 (left panel) and coloured by plDDT score (right panel). Disulfides and N-linked glycans are shown as sticks. B) predicted Aligned Error (pAE): Expected Position Error versus Aligned Residue C) ELISA dose-response curve of the wildtype QSY-2F3 (2F3_wt) and single amino acid substitution mutants binding to immobilised IL-12. Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent values from a singlet measurement from a single experiment.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Affinity maturation of a single-domain antibody via rational mutagenesis informed by artificial intelligence

    doi: 10.64898/2026.10.13.758789

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Structure prediction of the IL-12 heterodimer in complex with the lead sdAb 2F3 (left panel) and coloured by plDDT score (right panel). Disulfides and N-linked glycans are shown as sticks. B) predicted Aligned Error (pAE): Expected Position Error versus Aligned Residue C) ELISA dose-response curve of the wildtype QSY-2F3 (2F3_wt) and single amino acid substitution mutants binding to immobilised IL-12. Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent values from a singlet measurement from a single experiment.

    Article Snippet: Phage display selections were performed on recombinant IL-12 (Sino Biological, CT011-H08H) in three panning rounds.

    Techniques: Residue, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Binding Assay

    A) ELISA dose-response curves of the wildtype 2F3_wt clone, single amino acid substitution and combination mutants binding to immobilised IL-12. Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent mean values from a single experiment conducted in technical triplicates. B) The amino acid substitutions in the G31D (left), S54K (middle) and the A75R (right) mutant introduced extra salt bridges between the sdAb and IL-12, as determined through modeling of the sdAb/IL12 complexes.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Affinity maturation of a single-domain antibody via rational mutagenesis informed by artificial intelligence

    doi: 10.64898/2026.10.13.758789

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A) ELISA dose-response curves of the wildtype 2F3_wt clone, single amino acid substitution and combination mutants binding to immobilised IL-12. Bound sdAbs were detected using rabbit-anti-VHH and HRP-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit antibodies and OPD as substrate. Data represent mean values from a single experiment conducted in technical triplicates. B) The amino acid substitutions in the G31D (left), S54K (middle) and the A75R (right) mutant introduced extra salt bridges between the sdAb and IL-12, as determined through modeling of the sdAb/IL12 complexes.

    Article Snippet: Phage display selections were performed on recombinant IL-12 (Sino Biological, CT011-H08H) in three panning rounds.

    Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Binding Assay, Mutagenesis

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Affinity maturation of a single-domain antibody via rational mutagenesis informed by artificial intelligence

    doi: 10.64898/2026.10.13.758789

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding affinities of the 2F3_wt and triple mutant for IL-12 by SPR. Association and dissociation rates from surface plasmon resonance, and binding affinity determined from these rates as well as from an equilibrium fit, in good agreement with each other.

    Article Snippet: Phage display selections were performed on recombinant IL-12 (Sino Biological, CT011-H08H) in three panning rounds.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Mutagenesis, SPR Assay

    ( A ) Schematic depicting TYK2 involvement in IFN-λ and IL-12 signaling. ( B ) HepG2 hepatocyte cells were stimulated with IFN-λ 1 (50ng/mL) for 24hr, infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48hr), then subjected to RNA extraction and qRT-PCR for POWV SP NS5 RNA normalized to 18S RNA ( n =3 independent experiments). ( C, D ) HepG2 hepatoma cells ( C ) or HaCaT keratinocyte cells ( D ) stably expressing POWV NS5 or empty vector controls left unstimulated or stimulated with IFN-λ 1 (50ng/mL) for 24hr, then subjected to RNA extraction and qRT-PCR. Ifit1 expression was normalized to 18S RNA ( n =3 independent experiments; ordinary one-way ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple comparisons test). ( E ) HMC3 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 0.1 for 48h), left unstimulated or stimulated with 50ng/mL IFN-λ 1 or 5ng/ml IFN-β for 20min, then lysates were subjected to western blotting. ( F ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48h), left unstimulated or stimulated with IL-12 (100ng/mL) for 24hr, and SEAP reporter enzyme activity measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments; Mann-Whitney test). ( G ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells stably expressing an empty vector control were stimulated with increasing concentrations of IL-12 for 24h and the reporter enzyme activity was measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments). ( H ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells stably expressing WNV NS5, POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5 or an empty vector control were left unstimulated or stimulated with IL-12 (100ng/mL) for 24hr, and the reporter enzyme activity was measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments; Brown-Forsythe ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test). For all data, the mean ± SD is shown. Significance is indicated by ∗∗ p < 0.005.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Powassan Virus NS5 Antagonizes TYK2-Mediated Immune Signaling Pathways

    doi: 10.64898/2026.09.07.749923

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic depicting TYK2 involvement in IFN-λ and IL-12 signaling. ( B ) HepG2 hepatocyte cells were stimulated with IFN-λ 1 (50ng/mL) for 24hr, infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48hr), then subjected to RNA extraction and qRT-PCR for POWV SP NS5 RNA normalized to 18S RNA ( n =3 independent experiments). ( C, D ) HepG2 hepatoma cells ( C ) or HaCaT keratinocyte cells ( D ) stably expressing POWV NS5 or empty vector controls left unstimulated or stimulated with IFN-λ 1 (50ng/mL) for 24hr, then subjected to RNA extraction and qRT-PCR. Ifit1 expression was normalized to 18S RNA ( n =3 independent experiments; ordinary one-way ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple comparisons test). ( E ) HMC3 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 0.1 for 48h), left unstimulated or stimulated with 50ng/mL IFN-λ 1 or 5ng/ml IFN-β for 20min, then lysates were subjected to western blotting. ( F ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48h), left unstimulated or stimulated with IL-12 (100ng/mL) for 24hr, and SEAP reporter enzyme activity measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments; Mann-Whitney test). ( G ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells stably expressing an empty vector control were stimulated with increasing concentrations of IL-12 for 24h and the reporter enzyme activity was measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments). ( H ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells stably expressing WNV NS5, POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5 or an empty vector control were left unstimulated or stimulated with IL-12 (100ng/mL) for 24hr, and the reporter enzyme activity was measured in the supernatant (n=3 independent experiments; Brown-Forsythe ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test). For all data, the mean ± SD is shown. Significance is indicated by ∗∗ p < 0.005.

    Article Snippet: HEK-Blue IL-12 cells (Invivogen hkb-il12) were cultured according to manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Infection, RNA Extraction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Stable Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Activity Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Control

    Lysates from HepG2 ( A ) and HaCaT ( B ) cells transduced with lentiviruses to stably express Strep-tagged POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5, or empty vector were analyzed via western blot with anti-Strep antibody. ( C ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48hr) and viral RNA measured by qRT-PCR. The mean ± SD is shown. ( D ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells transduced with lentiviruses to stably express Strep-tagged POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5, WNV NS5, or empty vector were analyzed via western blot with anti-Strep antibody. Representative images shown.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Powassan Virus NS5 Antagonizes TYK2-Mediated Immune Signaling Pathways

    doi: 10.64898/2026.09.07.749923

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Lysates from HepG2 ( A ) and HaCaT ( B ) cells transduced with lentiviruses to stably express Strep-tagged POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5, or empty vector were analyzed via western blot with anti-Strep antibody. ( C ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells were infected with POWV SP (MOI 1 for 48hr) and viral RNA measured by qRT-PCR. The mean ± SD is shown. ( D ) HEK-Blue IL-12 cells transduced with lentiviruses to stably express Strep-tagged POWV LB NS5, POWV SP NS5, WNV NS5, or empty vector were analyzed via western blot with anti-Strep antibody. Representative images shown.

    Article Snippet: HEK-Blue IL-12 cells (Invivogen hkb-il12) were cultured according to manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Transduction, Stable Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR

    ( A ) Western blot detection of PD-1 protein expression; ( B ) In vitro bactericidal activity of Kupffer cells against K. pneumoniae evaluated by enumerating viable bacteria; ( C–E ) IL-6 ( C ), IL-12 ( D ), and TNF-α ( E ) levels measured by ELISA; (F-H) Flow-cytometric detection of IL-6( F ), IL-12( G ), and TNF-α(H) proportions; ( I ) Flow-cytometric analysis of Kupffer-cell phagocytic capacity; ( J ) Western blot detection of SHP2, p-SHP2, STAT1, p-STAT1, NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65. * P < 0.05.

    Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

    Article Title: Anti-PD-1 Therapy Alleviates Klebsiella pneumoniae -Induced Liver Abscess by Effectively Activating Kupffer Cells

    doi: 10.4014/jmb.2602.02040

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot detection of PD-1 protein expression; ( B ) In vitro bactericidal activity of Kupffer cells against K. pneumoniae evaluated by enumerating viable bacteria; ( C–E ) IL-6 ( C ), IL-12 ( D ), and TNF-α ( E ) levels measured by ELISA; (F-H) Flow-cytometric detection of IL-6( F ), IL-12( G ), and TNF-α(H) proportions; ( I ) Flow-cytometric analysis of Kupffer-cell phagocytic capacity; ( J ) Western blot detection of SHP2, p-SHP2, STAT1, p-STAT1, NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65. * P < 0.05.

    Article Snippet: The concentrations of TNF-α (E-EL-M3063, Elabscience, China), IL-6 (E-EL-M0044, Elabscience, China), and IL-12 (E-EL-M3062, Elabscience, China) in the supernatant were determined with ELISA kits.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, In Vitro, Activity Assay, Bacteria, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Analysis

    ( A ) In vitro bactericidal activity of Kupffer cells against K. pneumoniae evaluated by enumerating viable bacteria; ( B–D ) IL-6 ( B ), IL-12 ( C ), and TNF-α ( D ) levels measured by ELISA; ( E-G ) Flow cytometry detection of IL-6 ( E ), IL-12 ( F ), and TNF-α ( G ) proportions; ( H ) Flow-cytometric analysis of Kupffer-cell phagocytic capacity; ( I ) Western blot detection of SHP2, p-SHP2, STAT1, p-STAT1, NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65. * P < 0.05.

    Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

    Article Title: Anti-PD-1 Therapy Alleviates Klebsiella pneumoniae -Induced Liver Abscess by Effectively Activating Kupffer Cells

    doi: 10.4014/jmb.2602.02040

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) In vitro bactericidal activity of Kupffer cells against K. pneumoniae evaluated by enumerating viable bacteria; ( B–D ) IL-6 ( B ), IL-12 ( C ), and TNF-α ( D ) levels measured by ELISA; ( E-G ) Flow cytometry detection of IL-6 ( E ), IL-12 ( F ), and TNF-α ( G ) proportions; ( H ) Flow-cytometric analysis of Kupffer-cell phagocytic capacity; ( I ) Western blot detection of SHP2, p-SHP2, STAT1, p-STAT1, NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65. * P < 0.05.

    Article Snippet: The concentrations of TNF-α (E-EL-M3063, Elabscience, China), IL-6 (E-EL-M0044, Elabscience, China), and IL-12 (E-EL-M3062, Elabscience, China) in the supernatant were determined with ELISA kits.

    Techniques: In Vitro, Activity Assay, Bacteria, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Western Blot

    PBMCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 or S. thermophilus OLS3059 for 24 h. The expression of CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR in (A) cDCs and (B) pDCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative histograms (black, control; red, OLL1073R-1; blue, OLS3059) and the corresponding geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) are shown (n = 6). (C) Representative plots of IL-12 expression in cDCs were shown, and the ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs were analyzed (n = 5). *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PBMCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 or S. thermophilus OLS3059 for 24 h. The expression of CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR in (A) cDCs and (B) pDCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative histograms (black, control; red, OLL1073R-1; blue, OLS3059) and the corresponding geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) are shown (n = 6). (C) Representative plots of IL-12 expression in cDCs were shown, and the ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs were analyzed (n = 5). *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Cell Culture, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Control

    (A) Isolated cDCs and pDCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IL-12p40, IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed (n = 3). (B) PBMCs (n = 4), cDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) and pDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed. (C) PBMCs, cDCs-depleted PBMCs and pDCs-depleted PBMCs were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 under the stimulation of influenza antigen. The ratio of IFN-γ expressing cells in CD4(+) T EM were analyzed 24 h after incubation (n = 5, *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Student’s t-test). IL-12 levels in supernatants were analyzed 20 h after incubation (n = 3). *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Mann-Whitney U test unless otherwise noted. Data below detection limit were calculated as zero.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Isolated cDCs and pDCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IL-12p40, IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed (n = 3). (B) PBMCs (n = 4), cDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) and pDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed. (C) PBMCs, cDCs-depleted PBMCs and pDCs-depleted PBMCs were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 under the stimulation of influenza antigen. The ratio of IFN-γ expressing cells in CD4(+) T EM were analyzed 24 h after incubation (n = 5, *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Student’s t-test). IL-12 levels in supernatants were analyzed 20 h after incubation (n = 3). *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Mann-Whitney U test unless otherwise noted. Data below detection limit were calculated as zero.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Isolation, Cell Culture, Expressing, Incubation, MANN-WHITNEY

    PBMCs are cultured with multiple L. bulgaricus strains for 24 h. (A) The ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs and (B) Geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) of CD86 expression were analyzed (n = 5). **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PBMCs are cultured with multiple L. bulgaricus strains for 24 h. (A) The ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs and (B) Geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) of CD86 expression were analyzed (n = 5). **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Cell Culture, Expressing

    PBMCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 or S. thermophilus OLS3059 for 24 h. The expression of CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR in (A) cDCs and (B) pDCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative histograms (black, control; red, OLL1073R-1; blue, OLS3059) and the corresponding geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) are shown (n = 6). (C) Representative plots of IL-12 expression in cDCs were shown, and the ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs were analyzed (n = 5). *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PBMCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 or S. thermophilus OLS3059 for 24 h. The expression of CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR in (A) cDCs and (B) pDCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative histograms (black, control; red, OLL1073R-1; blue, OLS3059) and the corresponding geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) are shown (n = 6). (C) Representative plots of IL-12 expression in cDCs were shown, and the ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs were analyzed (n = 5). *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Cell Culture, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Control

    (A) Isolated cDCs and pDCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IL-12p40, IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed (n = 3). (B) PBMCs (n = 4), cDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) and pDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed. (C) PBMCs, cDCs-depleted PBMCs and pDCs-depleted PBMCs were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 under the stimulation of influenza antigen. The ratio of IFN-γ expressing cells in CD4(+) T EM were analyzed 24 h after incubation (n = 5, *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Student’s t-test). IL-12 levels in supernatants were analyzed 20 h after incubation (n = 3). *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Mann-Whitney U test unless otherwise noted. Data below detection limit were calculated as zero.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Isolated cDCs and pDCs are cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IL-12p40, IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed (n = 3). (B) PBMCs (n = 4), cDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) and pDCs-depleted PBMCs (n = 3) were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 for 24 h. IFN-α2a, IFN-β levels in supernatants were analyzed. (C) PBMCs, cDCs-depleted PBMCs and pDCs-depleted PBMCs were cultured with or without L . bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 under the stimulation of influenza antigen. The ratio of IFN-γ expressing cells in CD4(+) T EM were analyzed 24 h after incubation (n = 5, *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Student’s t-test). IL-12 levels in supernatants were analyzed 20 h after incubation (n = 3). *: p < 0.05, NS: not significant by Mann-Whitney U test unless otherwise noted. Data below detection limit were calculated as zero.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Isolation, Cell Culture, Expressing, Incubation, MANN-WHITNEY

    PBMCs are cultured with multiple L. bulgaricus strains for 24 h. (A) The ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs and (B) Geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) of CD86 expression were analyzed (n = 5). **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Journal: PLOS One

    Article Title: Activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359545

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PBMCs are cultured with multiple L. bulgaricus strains for 24 h. (A) The ratio of IL-12 expressing cells in cDCs and (B) Geometric mean fluorescent intensity (gMFI) of CD86 expression were analyzed (n = 5). **: p < 0.01, NS: not significant by Dunnett’s test.

    Article Snippet: IL-12 levels in the culture supernatants were quantified using an IL-12 by AuthentiKine IL-12 p40 ELISA Kit (Proteintech, Rosemont, USA).

    Techniques: Cell Culture, Expressing