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confluency  (Mirus Bio)


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    Structured Review

    Mirus Bio confluency
    ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. <t>Confluency</t> values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .
    Confluency, supplied by Mirus Bio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 2904 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "MitoPerturb-Seq identifies gene-specific single-cell responses to mitochondrial DNA depletion and heteroplasmy"

    Article Title: MitoPerturb-Seq identifies gene-specific single-cell responses to mitochondrial DNA depletion and heteroplasmy

    Journal: Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

    doi: 10.1038/s41594-026-01779-7

    ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. Confluency values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .
    Figure Legend Snippet: ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. Confluency values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot, Transduction, Control, Isolation, Clone Assay

    Related Articles

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: Cotranslational membrane protein biogenesis by an EMC-bound translocon.
    Article Snippet: Stable, doxycycline-inducible Flp-In T-REx 293 cell lines were generated in the corresponding wild-type (SSER-3xFlag-EMC7, SSER-3xFlag-EMC10, SSER-Twin-Strep-EMC10, SSER-Twin-Strep-CCDC47 and SSER-Twin-Strep-OST48) or knockout (3xFlag-EMC6) background 16 according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher). .. Briefly, 100 ng of the desired plasmid were cotransfected with 900 ng of pOG44 (1:9 ratio) in a six-well plate using TransIT (Mirus Bio, cat. no. MIR2700). .. After 24 h, cells were selected for Flp-mediated recombination with 100 μg ml−1 hygromycin B (Gibco, cat. no. 10687010) for 3–4 weeks to obtain the stably integrated cell lines.

    Article Title: Targeting CD28 on T lineage malignancies with chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
    Article Snippet: .. CAR molecules cloned into pMP71 were transfected into 293Vec-Galv cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) using TransIT-293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio) according to the supplier’s informationwith 2.5 μg of plasmid DNA. .. Retroviral supernatant was used for transduction of 293Vec-RD114 cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) to create a stable producer system, which were subsequently FACS-sorted for myc-positive cells.

    Clone Assay:

    Article Title: Targeting CD28 on T lineage malignancies with chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
    Article Snippet: .. CAR molecules cloned into pMP71 were transfected into 293Vec-Galv cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) using TransIT-293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio) according to the supplier’s informationwith 2.5 μg of plasmid DNA. .. Retroviral supernatant was used for transduction of 293Vec-RD114 cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) to create a stable producer system, which were subsequently FACS-sorted for myc-positive cells.

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Targeting CD28 on T lineage malignancies with chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
    Article Snippet: .. CAR molecules cloned into pMP71 were transfected into 293Vec-Galv cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) using TransIT-293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio) according to the supplier’s informationwith 2.5 μg of plasmid DNA. .. Retroviral supernatant was used for transduction of 293Vec-RD114 cells (kindly provided by BioVec Pharma Inc) to create a stable producer system, which were subsequently FACS-sorted for myc-positive cells.

    Article Title: TET2 loss triggers ssDNA gap accumulation and heightened PARP inhibitor sensitivity.
    Article Snippet: Silencer select negative control #1 siRNA (Ambion, 4390843) was used as control (siCTRL) at the same concentration of the highest concentration of siRNA used in the experiment97. .. HEK-293T cells were transfected using Mirus Transit 293 reagent with lentiviral packaging vectors pMD2.G (Addgene, #12259) and psPAX2 (Addgene, #12260) along with the construct of interest. .. CRISPR guide constructs targeting TET1 (5′CCCGAAGGCATCGTACAGTG 3′) or TET3 (5′ TCGAGAAGGTCATCTACACG 3′) were cloned into lentiCRISPR v2blast (#83480, Addgene) or lentiCRISPR v2-puro (Addgene, #52961).

    Article Title: Cell-type-specific repression reveals MC4R neurons as a site of action for ciliary obesity genes.
    Article Snippet: AAV DJ preparation AAV DJ used in adult stereotaxic injections was produced in AAVpro cells (Takara, 632273, passage number less than 10) maintained in complete DMEM [DMEM (Gibco, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, A5670801) and 1% penicillin– streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, P4333)]. .. Cells were seeded at 2.5 × 107 cells per 15-cm dish (two dishes per virus) and transfected 24 h later with 20 μg each of pHelper (Takara), pRC DJ [88], and AAV sgRNA plasmids using 120 μl TransIT-293 reagent (Mirus, 2700) in 4 mL Opti-MEM (Gibco, 31985-070). ..

    Article Title: A massively parallel reporter assay of MECP2cis-regulatory elements reveals genetic candidates for male-biased autism.
    Article Snippet: .. After 24 h, transfection was performed using 0.063 pmol firefly construct, 0.063 4 The American Journal of Human Genetics 113, 1–18, November 5, 2026 pmol Renilla control (Addgene 106292), 108 ng pMD2.G (Addgene 12259), and 325 ng psPAX2 (Addgene 12260), with TransIT293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio 2704) and OptiMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific 31985062). .. After 48 h, 400 μL supernatant was collected and centrifuged at room temperature for 10 min at 500 × g. 300 μL supernatant was then combined with 100 μL Lenti-X Concentrator (Takara 631231) and chilled at 4◦C overnight.

    Generated:

    Article Title: DNA replication stress redistributes the histone methyltransferase G9a and activates lineage-specific gene expression
    Article Snippet: .. For all lentiviral transductions, lentiviral particles were generated by transfecting 293T cells (ATCC, CRL-3216) with a 4:2:1:1 ratio of the TARGET : pMDLg : pMD2.G : pRSV-REV plasmids using Transit 293T reagent (Mirus Bio, MIR 2700). ..

    Construct:

    Article Title: TET2 loss triggers ssDNA gap accumulation and heightened PARP inhibitor sensitivity.
    Article Snippet: Silencer select negative control #1 siRNA (Ambion, 4390843) was used as control (siCTRL) at the same concentration of the highest concentration of siRNA used in the experiment97. .. HEK-293T cells were transfected using Mirus Transit 293 reagent with lentiviral packaging vectors pMD2.G (Addgene, #12259) and psPAX2 (Addgene, #12260) along with the construct of interest. .. CRISPR guide constructs targeting TET1 (5′CCCGAAGGCATCGTACAGTG 3′) or TET3 (5′ TCGAGAAGGTCATCTACACG 3′) were cloned into lentiCRISPR v2blast (#83480, Addgene) or lentiCRISPR v2-puro (Addgene, #52961).

    Article Title: A massively parallel reporter assay of MECP2cis-regulatory elements reveals genetic candidates for male-biased autism.
    Article Snippet: .. After 24 h, transfection was performed using 0.063 pmol firefly construct, 0.063 4 The American Journal of Human Genetics 113, 1–18, November 5, 2026 pmol Renilla control (Addgene 106292), 108 ng pMD2.G (Addgene 12259), and 325 ng psPAX2 (Addgene 12260), with TransIT293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio 2704) and OptiMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific 31985062). .. After 48 h, 400 μL supernatant was collected and centrifuged at room temperature for 10 min at 500 × g. 300 μL supernatant was then combined with 100 μL Lenti-X Concentrator (Takara 631231) and chilled at 4◦C overnight.

    Virus:

    Article Title: Cell-type-specific repression reveals MC4R neurons as a site of action for ciliary obesity genes.
    Article Snippet: AAV DJ preparation AAV DJ used in adult stereotaxic injections was produced in AAVpro cells (Takara, 632273, passage number less than 10) maintained in complete DMEM [DMEM (Gibco, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, A5670801) and 1% penicillin– streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, P4333)]. .. Cells were seeded at 2.5 × 107 cells per 15-cm dish (two dishes per virus) and transfected 24 h later with 20 μg each of pHelper (Takara), pRC DJ [88], and AAV sgRNA plasmids using 120 μl TransIT-293 reagent (Mirus, 2700) in 4 mL Opti-MEM (Gibco, 31985-070). ..

    Bioprocessing:

    Article Title: Cell-type-specific repression reveals MC4R neurons as a site of action for ciliary obesity genes.
    Article Snippet: AAV DJ preparation AAV DJ used in adult stereotaxic injections was produced in AAVpro cells (Takara, 632273, passage number less than 10) maintained in complete DMEM [DMEM (Gibco, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco, A5670801) and 1% penicillin– streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, P4333)]. .. Cells were seeded at 2.5 × 107 cells per 15-cm dish (two dishes per virus) and transfected 24 h later with 20 μg each of pHelper (Takara), pRC DJ [88], and AAV sgRNA plasmids using 120 μl TransIT-293 reagent (Mirus, 2700) in 4 mL Opti-MEM (Gibco, 31985-070). ..

    other:

    Article Title: The Factor VII mutation F7 c.760T>C (FVII p.Cys254Arg ) is causative for Factor VII deficiency by impairing secretion.
    Article Snippet: Background: Hereditary Factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a bleeding disorder caused by mutations in the F7 gene, a diagnosis that is complicated by a weak genotype-phenotype correlation.. However, accurate pathogenicity assessment of FVII variants is essential for effective clinical management.. Objectives: Here, we report about the FVIIp.Cys254Arg variant, caused by the F7 c.760T>C mutation.

    Control:

    Article Title: A massively parallel reporter assay of MECP2cis-regulatory elements reveals genetic candidates for male-biased autism.
    Article Snippet: .. After 24 h, transfection was performed using 0.063 pmol firefly construct, 0.063 4 The American Journal of Human Genetics 113, 1–18, November 5, 2026 pmol Renilla control (Addgene 106292), 108 ng pMD2.G (Addgene 12259), and 325 ng psPAX2 (Addgene 12260), with TransIT293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Bio 2704) and OptiMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific 31985062). .. After 48 h, 400 μL supernatant was collected and centrifuged at room temperature for 10 min at 500 × g. 300 μL supernatant was then combined with 100 μL Lenti-X Concentrator (Takara 631231) and chilled at 4◦C overnight.



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    ( a) LC-MS of His levels in NMG (n = 7) and MMTV-c- Myc (n = 10) tumours after a 5 min [U 13 C]His bolus. Total abundance (left) and isotopologue distribution (right). Mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( b) Timeline: cells cultured in 2.0 or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h) before 20-min [U 13 C]His administration. ( c) Total relative His abundance (n = 3). Data are mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( d ) RT-qPCR of indicated genes expression in cells cultures in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (n = 3), normalized to β-actin and expressed relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( e,f ) WB of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), n = 3; in ( f ) MMTV-c- Myc tumour and liver tissue are used as controls. ( g ) Relative <t>confluency</t> of cells in 0-2.0 mM Gln (96 h), normalized to 2.0 mM Gln; IC50 values from non-linear fit of log[Gln] vs. normalized response (n = 2). ( h ) LC-MS of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), followed by a 10 min [U 13 C]His pulse (n = 3). Labelled His abundance is relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). See also Figure S2.
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    Mirus Bio confluency
    ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. <t>Confluency</t> values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .
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    Image Search Results


    ( a) LC-MS of His levels in NMG (n = 7) and MMTV-c- Myc (n = 10) tumours after a 5 min [U 13 C]His bolus. Total abundance (left) and isotopologue distribution (right). Mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( b) Timeline: cells cultured in 2.0 or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h) before 20-min [U 13 C]His administration. ( c) Total relative His abundance (n = 3). Data are mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( d ) RT-qPCR of indicated genes expression in cells cultures in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (n = 3), normalized to β-actin and expressed relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( e,f ) WB of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), n = 3; in ( f ) MMTV-c- Myc tumour and liver tissue are used as controls. ( g ) Relative confluency of cells in 0-2.0 mM Gln (96 h), normalized to 2.0 mM Gln; IC50 values from non-linear fit of log[Gln] vs. normalized response (n = 2). ( h ) LC-MS of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), followed by a 10 min [U 13 C]His pulse (n = 3). Labelled His abundance is relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). See also Figure S2.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Histidine exchange sustains LAT1 activity and proliferation in glutamine-addicted breast cancers

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.15.716193

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a) LC-MS of His levels in NMG (n = 7) and MMTV-c- Myc (n = 10) tumours after a 5 min [U 13 C]His bolus. Total abundance (left) and isotopologue distribution (right). Mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( b) Timeline: cells cultured in 2.0 or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h) before 20-min [U 13 C]His administration. ( c) Total relative His abundance (n = 3). Data are mean ± s.d.; p -values from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( d ) RT-qPCR of indicated genes expression in cells cultures in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (n = 3), normalized to β-actin and expressed relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). ( e,f ) WB of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), n = 3; in ( f ) MMTV-c- Myc tumour and liver tissue are used as controls. ( g ) Relative confluency of cells in 0-2.0 mM Gln (96 h), normalized to 2.0 mM Gln; IC50 values from non-linear fit of log[Gln] vs. normalized response (n = 2). ( h ) LC-MS of cells in 2.0 mM or 0.1 mM Gln (24 h), followed by a 10 min [U 13 C]His pulse (n = 3). Labelled His abundance is relative to 2.0 mM Gln. Mean ± s.d.; p -values from one-way ANOVA (Šídák’s correction). See also Figure S2.

    Article Snippet: Cells were imaged at regular intervals using the Incucyte ® live-cell imaging system, and confluency was quantified using the Incucyte S3 Software (Sartorius v.2021C).

    Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Cell Culture, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

    ( a,b ) WB of replenished cells after amino acid starvation with ( a ) 1.6 mM His ( n = 3) or ( b ) 1.6 mM D-His (n = 2) for 48 h. Protein levels are normalized to mTOR/Vinc and expressed relative to the maximum. ( c ) WB of puromycin incorporation in cells starved or preloaded with 0.12 mM or 1.6 mM His (48 h), then replenished with DMEM. Protein levels normalized to Ponceau and expressed relative to the maximum. A representative of 2 independent replicates. ( b) Time-course of relative abundance of intracellular Leu (left) and Met (right) in DMEM-replenished cells after His preloading (1.6 mM, 48 h). 0 min represents pre-replenishment levels. Mean ± s.d.; p -value from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’’s correction). ( e ) Confluency of DMEM-replenished cells preloaded with His, normalized to pre-replenishment confluency (n = 3). Gompertz growth curve applied. Mean ± s.d.; p- values from two -way ANOVA (Dunnett correction). See also Figure S5.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Histidine exchange sustains LAT1 activity and proliferation in glutamine-addicted breast cancers

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.15.716193

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a,b ) WB of replenished cells after amino acid starvation with ( a ) 1.6 mM His ( n = 3) or ( b ) 1.6 mM D-His (n = 2) for 48 h. Protein levels are normalized to mTOR/Vinc and expressed relative to the maximum. ( c ) WB of puromycin incorporation in cells starved or preloaded with 0.12 mM or 1.6 mM His (48 h), then replenished with DMEM. Protein levels normalized to Ponceau and expressed relative to the maximum. A representative of 2 independent replicates. ( b) Time-course of relative abundance of intracellular Leu (left) and Met (right) in DMEM-replenished cells after His preloading (1.6 mM, 48 h). 0 min represents pre-replenishment levels. Mean ± s.d.; p -value from two-way ANOVA (Šídák’’s correction). ( e ) Confluency of DMEM-replenished cells preloaded with His, normalized to pre-replenishment confluency (n = 3). Gompertz growth curve applied. Mean ± s.d.; p- values from two -way ANOVA (Dunnett correction). See also Figure S5.

    Article Snippet: Cells were imaged at regular intervals using the Incucyte ® live-cell imaging system, and confluency was quantified using the Incucyte S3 Software (Sartorius v.2021C).

    Techniques:

    ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. Confluency values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .

    Journal: Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

    Article Title: MitoPerturb-Seq identifies gene-specific single-cell responses to mitochondrial DNA depletion and heteroplasmy

    doi: 10.1038/s41594-026-01779-7

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Expression profiles of indicated cell-cycle genes across cell-cycle pseudotime determined by tricycle. ( B ) Percentage of cells in each cell-cycle phase in Tfam , Opa1 , Polg KO cells, post-Mixscape, compared to non-targeting gRNA cells. Chi-squared tests with multiple testing correction (Bonferroni); ns, not significant. ( C ) Schematic showing the expression patterns of the PIP-FUCCI fluorescent reporters Cdt1-mVenus and Geminin-mCherry across the cell-cycle. ( D,E ) Gating strategies used to isolate cells for mtDNA CN measurements based on cell-cycle phase for both inter-phase ( D ) and intra-phase ( E ) comparisons. ( F,G ) Western blot ( F ) and ddPCR measurements ( G ) showing KD of TFAM protein ( F ) and reduced mtDNA CN ( G ) in HeLa cells transduced with two independent TFAM gRNAs. Vinculin is shown as a loading control ( F ). Number of individual cells per group is indicated in ( G ), data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, **** p < 0.0001. ( H ) Map of the human mtDNA, highlighting the 7.5 Kb deletion present in the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. ( I,J ) mtDNA CN ( I ) and heteroplasmy ( J ) of eight clonal populations isolated from the DeltaH2.1 cybrid cell line. Cell numbers per group indicated on graphs. Data presented as mean values +/- SD. One-way ANOVA of the mtDNA CN distributions was significant (p = 0.015); pairwise comparisons of all heteroplasmic clones to Clone 25 (0% heteroplasmy) using Tukey’s post-hoc test; ns, not significant. ( K ) Respirometry of DeltaH2.1 cybrid cells with increasing heteroplasmy levels, using Oroboros, showing baseline respiration (BR), proton-leak (PL), ATP-linked respiration (AR) and maximal respiratory capacity (MC). Three separate assays per clone. Data presented as mean values ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test performed for each tested parameter, all significant pairwise comparisons are shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( L,M ) Growth curves of DeltaH2.1 cybrid clones carrying different levels of heteroplasmy in high ( L ) and low ( M ) glucose culture medium. Confluency values averaged over 8 individual images per timepoint for each clone in each condition, data presented as mean values ± SEM. Figure created in BioRender. Van den Ameele, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/j3ro7vq .

    Article Snippet: Transfections were performed with cells at 80–90% confluency using TransIT-293 transfection reagent (Mirus, MIR2704) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Transduction, Control, Isolation, Clone Assay