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apparent diffusion coefficient  (Bruker Corporation)


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    Bruker Corporation apparent diffusion coefficient
    Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion <t>coefficient.</t> (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.
    Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, supplied by Bruker Corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 3085 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Neoadjuvant toripalimab combined with axitinib in patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a single-arm, phase II trial."

    Article Title: Neoadjuvant toripalimab combined with axitinib in patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a single-arm, phase II trial.

    Journal: Journal for immunotherapy of cancer

    doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008475

    Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient. (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient. (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.

    Techniques Used: Diffusion-based Assay, Gene Expression, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Staining

    Related Articles

    Mass Spectrometry:

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: .. Gu (2024) [ ] , Skin swab , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test (Etest) , CLSI , PEN-susceptible. .. Lampejo (2024) [ ] , Blood culture , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test , EUCAST , CLI-, PEN-, VA-susceptible. MTZ-resistant.

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited.
    Article Snippet: .. Author Year Reference Type of Sample Method of Identification Method ofSusceptibility Testing Interpretation Criteria Antibiotics Resistance Phenotype (MIC mg/L) Chinello (2025) [28] Material drained from orbital cellulitis MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry NR NR AMC < 0.016, AZY 2, CLI > 256, DAPTO 4, LZD 0.19, MEM 0.012, MTZ > 256, TZP < 0.016 Faiz (2025) [29] Intraoperative sample from abscess MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test EUCAST 2023 breakpoint for Corynebacterium CLI-, LIN-, RIF-, TET-susceptible CIP-, MOX-, PEN-, SXT-, VA-resistant Lovering (2025) [30] Blood culture MALDI-TOF MassSpectrometry NR NR CN, CRO, LZD, MEM, PEN, VA susceptible Saijo (2025) [31] Intraoperative sample from debridement MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry NR NR CRO 0.5, FEP 2, CTX 0.5, ERY < 0.12, PEN 0.25, RIF < 1, SXT < 0.5, VA 0.5 Bozso (2024) [32] Blood culture NR NR NR CLI ≤ 0.016, PEN ≤ 0.03 Chang (2024) [33] Blood culture, intraoperative samples from abscess NR NR NR NR Chin (2024) [34] Intraoperative sample from abscess NR NR NR NR Grusiecki (2024) [35] Purulent material from abscess NR NR NR PEN-susceptible CIP-, CLI-, MXF-resistant Gu (2024) [36] Skin swab MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test (Etest) CLSI PEN-susceptible https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030335 Table 3. ..

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: Herai (2023) [ ] , Pleural fluid , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , NR , NR , NR. .. Sahhar (2023) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer diffusion test (Disks and Etest) , NR , CLI-, CRO-, DOX-, LEV-, LZD-, PEN, RIF-, VA-susceptible. .. Hicks (2022) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , Kirby Bauer diffusion test (Etest) , NR , PEN 0.064.

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: Chinello (2025) [ ] , Material drained from orbital cellulitis , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , NR , NR , AMC < 0.016, AZY 2, CLI > 256, DAPTO 4, LZD 0.19, MEM 0.012, MTZ > 256, TZP < 0.016. .. Faiz (2025) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test , EUCAST 2023 breakpoint for Corynebacterium , CLI-, LIN-, RIF-, TET-susceptible CIP-, MOX-, PEN-, SXT-, VA-resistant. .. Lovering (2025) [ ] , Blood culture , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , NR , NR , CN, CRO, LZD, MEM, PEN, VA susceptible.

    Diffusion-based Assay:

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: .. Gu (2024) [ ] , Skin swab , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test (Etest) , CLSI , PEN-susceptible. .. Lampejo (2024) [ ] , Blood culture , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test , EUCAST , CLI-, PEN-, VA-susceptible. MTZ-resistant.

    Article Title: Potassium Hexafluoroacetylacetonate Complex with 18-Crown-6 Ether as a Volatile Precursor of Molecular and Inorganic Films: Thermal and Structural Insights.
    Article Snippet: The planar substrates of a cover glass for microscope slides (Minimed, Moscow, Russia, 0.15 × 18 × 18 mm3) and Si(100) (Telekom-STV JSC, Moscow, Russia, 0.7 × 17 × 17 mm3) were used for the molecular and inorganic film deposition, respectively. .. Diffusion coefficients were measured using the standard Bruker Ledbpgp2s sequence. ..

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited.
    Article Snippet: .. Author Year Reference Type of Sample Method of Identification Method ofSusceptibility Testing Interpretation Criteria Antibiotics Resistance Phenotype (MIC mg/L) Chinello (2025) [28] Material drained from orbital cellulitis MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry NR NR AMC < 0.016, AZY 2, CLI > 256, DAPTO 4, LZD 0.19, MEM 0.012, MTZ > 256, TZP < 0.016 Faiz (2025) [29] Intraoperative sample from abscess MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test EUCAST 2023 breakpoint for Corynebacterium CLI-, LIN-, RIF-, TET-susceptible CIP-, MOX-, PEN-, SXT-, VA-resistant Lovering (2025) [30] Blood culture MALDI-TOF MassSpectrometry NR NR CN, CRO, LZD, MEM, PEN, VA susceptible Saijo (2025) [31] Intraoperative sample from debridement MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry NR NR CRO 0.5, FEP 2, CTX 0.5, ERY < 0.12, PEN 0.25, RIF < 1, SXT < 0.5, VA 0.5 Bozso (2024) [32] Blood culture NR NR NR CLI ≤ 0.016, PEN ≤ 0.03 Chang (2024) [33] Blood culture, intraoperative samples from abscess NR NR NR NR Chin (2024) [34] Intraoperative sample from abscess NR NR NR NR Grusiecki (2024) [35] Purulent material from abscess NR NR NR PEN-susceptible CIP-, CLI-, MXF-resistant Gu (2024) [36] Skin swab MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test (Etest) CLSI PEN-susceptible https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030335 Table 3. ..

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: Herai (2023) [ ] , Pleural fluid , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , NR , NR , NR. .. Sahhar (2023) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer diffusion test (Disks and Etest) , NR , CLI-, CRO-, DOX-, LEV-, LZD-, PEN, RIF-, VA-susceptible. .. Hicks (2022) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , Kirby Bauer diffusion test (Etest) , NR , PEN 0.064.

    Article Title: Physical and chemical characterisation of ophthalmic lens-grinding wastewater: uncovering environmental implications.
    Article Snippet: .. 1D 1H and 2D 1H-1H NMR DOSY (Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) experiments were carried out on a 9.4 T Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica MA, USA) equipped with a Bruker DiffBB probe, specifically a 5 mm high-power diffusion BBI probe. ..

    Article Title: Insights into Arcanobacterium haemolyticum : A Narrative Review of an Emerging Pathogen Revisited
    Article Snippet: Chinello (2025) [ ] , Material drained from orbital cellulitis , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , NR , NR , AMC < 0.016, AZY 2, CLI > 256, DAPTO 4, LZD 0.19, MEM 0.012, MTZ > 256, TZP < 0.016. .. Faiz (2025) [ ] , Intraoperative sample from abscess , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (Bruker) , Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test , EUCAST 2023 breakpoint for Corynebacterium , CLI-, LIN-, RIF-, TET-susceptible CIP-, MOX-, PEN-, SXT-, VA-resistant. .. Lovering (2025) [ ] , Blood culture , MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry , NR , NR , CN, CRO, LZD, MEM, PEN, VA susceptible.

    Sequencing:

    Article Title: Potassium Hexafluoroacetylacetonate Complex with 18-Crown-6 Ether as a Volatile Precursor of Molecular and Inorganic Films: Thermal and Structural Insights.
    Article Snippet: The planar substrates of a cover glass for microscope slides (Minimed, Moscow, Russia, 0.15 × 18 × 18 mm3) and Si(100) (Telekom-STV JSC, Moscow, Russia, 0.7 × 17 × 17 mm3) were used for the molecular and inorganic film deposition, respectively. .. Diffusion coefficients were measured using the standard Bruker Ledbpgp2s sequence. ..

    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance:

    Article Title: Physical and chemical characterisation of ophthalmic lens-grinding wastewater: uncovering environmental implications.
    Article Snippet: .. 1D 1H and 2D 1H-1H NMR DOSY (Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) experiments were carried out on a 9.4 T Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica MA, USA) equipped with a Bruker DiffBB probe, specifically a 5 mm high-power diffusion BBI probe. ..

    Spectroscopy:

    Article Title: Physical and chemical characterisation of ophthalmic lens-grinding wastewater: uncovering environmental implications.
    Article Snippet: .. 1D 1H and 2D 1H-1H NMR DOSY (Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) experiments were carried out on a 9.4 T Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica MA, USA) equipped with a Bruker DiffBB probe, specifically a 5 mm high-power diffusion BBI probe. ..



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    Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion <t>coefficient.</t> (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.
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    Image Search Results


    A. The percentage of viable and necrotic tissue with respect to the total lesion volume. B.The evolution of vessel radius (R). C. Blood volume fraction (BVF). D. Oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) E. Signal enhancement F. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) observed by MRI at D4, D7, D14, D28, and D56 after ischemic injury by malonate injection. n=5 at D4, n=13 at D7, n=8 at D14, n=8 at D28 and n=7 at D56. Data is represented by medians and IQR. *: 0.03>p>0.01, **: 0.005>p>0.001, ***: 0.0005>p>0.0001, ****: p<0.0001 vs contralateral hemisphere, paired non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Multimodal Characterization and Evolution of Malonate-induced Stroke Model: Advanced MRI, Histology-Molecular Profiling

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.22.684053

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A. The percentage of viable and necrotic tissue with respect to the total lesion volume. B.The evolution of vessel radius (R). C. Blood volume fraction (BVF). D. Oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) E. Signal enhancement F. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) observed by MRI at D4, D7, D14, D28, and D56 after ischemic injury by malonate injection. n=5 at D4, n=13 at D7, n=8 at D14, n=8 at D28 and n=7 at D56. Data is represented by medians and IQR. *: 0.03>p>0.01, **: 0.005>p>0.001, ***: 0.0005>p>0.0001, ****: p<0.0001 vs contralateral hemisphere, paired non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.

    Article Snippet: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were automatically computed on the Bruker scanner as the means of the ADCs observed in each of three orthogonal directions.

    Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Injection, MANN-WHITNEY

    Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient. (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.

    Journal: Journal for immunotherapy of cancer

    Article Title: Neoadjuvant toripalimab combined with axitinib in patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a single-arm, phase II trial.

    doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008475

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4 (A and B) MRI and pathological alterations in patients before and after axitinib plus toripalimab administration. (A) Example of highly immune infiltrated tumor; (B) example of minimally infiltrated tumor. ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient. (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360. The volcano plot displays differential gene expression at baseline. (D). Relative fraction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Each row represents an immune cell subpopulation estimated by multiplexed immunofluorescence, including the density of PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD- L1+ cells, PD-L1+CK+ cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, CD68+CD163- macrophage cells M1, CD68+CD163+ macrophage cells M2. The relative infiltrations of each lymphocyte subpopulations were normalized into a z-score. (E). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating PD1+ cells, PD1+CD8+ cells, PD-L1+ cells, PD- L1+CK+ cells between partial response (PR) and SD patients. *, p<0.05. (F). Comparison of density levels of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD20+ cells, CD56+ cells, FOXP3+ cells, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages between PR and SD patients. No significant differences were found. (G). Representative multiplexed immunofluorescence images showing the simultaneous staining of panel 1 (left): DAPI (blue), CD8+ (red), PD-1+ (green), PD-L1+ (yellow), and CK (gray). Panel 2 (right): DAPI (blue), CD3+ (red), CD4+ (green), FOXP3+ (yellow), CD20+ (orange), and CK (gray) in PR (up) and SD (bottom) patients. Scale bar: 20 µm.

    Article Snippet: ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient. (C) Baseline biomarkers correlated with response to treatment analyzed by NanoString IO 360.

    Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Gene Expression, Immunofluorescence, Comparison, Staining