2d electric field maps simulated using comsol multiphysics  (COMSOL Inc)

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: A self-sufficient system for fog-to-water conversion and nitrogen fertilizer production to enhance crop growth

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60340-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Three sets of WCNPS, each including the FWC of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 . b Schematic diagram of 3D FWC subjected to vertical (y direction) fog flow. c The particle image velocimetry characterization for 3D FWC units encountering wind from y direction. d Collected water of 3D FWC, single-layer and double-layer 2D FWCs with the size of 0.6 × 0.6 m 2 (wind speed: ~1 m/s, fog flow rate: ~5 L/h). e Schematic of the biphilic wedged spines surface. f , The growth of droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. g The water collection rate (WCR) of blank (hydrophobic substrate), biphilic-1(The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 3 mm), biphilic-2 (The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 2 mm) and full-cover hydrophilic surface. h The four layouts of biphilic surfaces classified based on droplet detachment behavior. l , w and h are spacing, width and height of hydrophilic points. i The gravity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{g}\right)$$\end{document} F g and adhesion \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({F}_{a{dh}}\right)$$\end{document} F a d h of a droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. R is the droplet radius. j The critical detachment radius \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left({R}_{c}\right)$$\end{document} R c on the vertical biphilic surface with different spacing between hydrophilic spots ( l ). k The comparison of WCR between fog harvesting units with layout II and other layouts. All error bars indicate ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: To calculate dynamic electric field dispersion, we use COMSOL 3D and 2D frequency domain simulations of the spherical electrodes, and use physical field interfaces such as electric fields, electromagnetic waves, and dielectric electrics to simulate scenarios.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Inverse designed aperiodic multilayer perfect absorbers for mid infrared enable tunability switchability and angular robustness

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-99995-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a): Simulated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, this plot shows the normalized electric field intensity along the z-direction for multiple values of graphene chemical potential (µc = 0 to 1 eV). The simulation domain includes the air region above the structure, which allows visualization of both external and internal field behavior. At µc = 0.0 eV, where the structure is optimized for maximum absorption, the electric field in the air remains nearly constant, exhibiting an almost flat profile. This behavior indicates excellent impedance matching at the air-absorber interface, with negligible reflection—a hallmark of perfect absorption. As µc increases, the field confinement inside the multilayer weakens, confirming the switchable nature of the absorber.(b): Simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics, this panel shows the spatial distribution of the electric field inside the structure for two states: µc = 0 eV, with strong field localization, and µc = 1 eV, where the internal field intensity is significantly reduced. This independently confirms the tunable suppression of absorption and the modulation of plasmonic resonances in the multilayer stack.

Article Snippet: To further validate these findings, Fig. (b) presents 2D electric field maps simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics for two representative chemical potentials: μc = 0 eV (top) and μc = 1 eV (bottom).

Techniques: