Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Biological and Biosimilar Medicines in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy for Metabolic Syndrome

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17060768

Figure Lengend Snippet: The structures of DPP-4 inhibitors used in T2D therapy: ( a ) alogliptin, ( b ) linagliptin, ( c ) saxagliptin, ( d ) sitagliptin, ( e ) vildagliptin. The structures were prepared with Reaxys.

Article Snippet: In addition, vildagliptin was approved in the European Union in September 2007 (marketed as Galvus ® , developed by Novartis Europharm Limited (London, United Kingdom)) [ , ].

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Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Effect of acarbose and vildagliptin on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-month, two-arm randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1575087

Figure Lengend Snippet: CONSORT flow diagram of a 6-month randomized controlled trial comparing vildagliptin and acarbose monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. The diagram outlines participant screening (n=146), exclusion (n=46: unmet inclusion criteria [n=7], declined participation [n=20], other reasons [n=19]), randomization (n=100), and attrition. Acarbose (50 mg TID escalated to 100 mg TID at week 3) and vildagliptin (50 mg BID) were administered. Participants with 80–120% adherence were included in the per-protocol analysis (96% [48/50] acarbose, 88% [44/50] vildagliptin). *Other reasons: Participants withdrew consent (n = 12) or failed biochemical criteria (n = 7). †Acarbose group lost to follow-up: 1 relocated, 1 withdrew consent. ‡Vildagliptin group lost to follow-up: 3 lost contact, 2 withdrew consent (3 months); 1 lost contact (6 months).

Article Snippet: The study treatments were as follows (1): Acarbose group (n = 50): acarbose (Bayer Medical and Health Co., Ltd., 50 mg/tablet) was initiated at 50 mg three times daily (TID) with the first meal for weeks 1-2, then escalated to 100 mg TID from week 3 onward to mitigate gastrointestinal adverse effects (e.g., bloating, flatulence). (2) Vildagliptin group (n = 50): vildagliptin (Swiss Novartis Limited, 50 mg/tablet) was administered as 50 mg twice daily (BID) before meals.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Effect of acarbose and vildagliptin on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-month, two-arm randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1575087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Longitudinal changes in plasma gut microbiota metabolites during vildagliptin treatment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. (a–e) Box plots show longitudinal changes in plasma concentrations of (a) trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), (b) L-carnitine, (c) betaine, (d) choline, and (e) γ-butyrobetaine at baseline (orange), 3 months (blue), and 6 months (purple). Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman test (non-parametric repeated measures) followed by Dunn’s post hoc test with Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons. Significance levels: *Bonferroni-adjusted p <0.05; **adjusted p <0.01; ***adjusted p <0.001; ****adjusted p <0.0001. Data are presented as median (25th, 75th). Detailed data are presented in Supplementary Tables 1, 2 .

Article Snippet: The study treatments were as follows (1): Acarbose group (n = 50): acarbose (Bayer Medical and Health Co., Ltd., 50 mg/tablet) was initiated at 50 mg three times daily (TID) with the first meal for weeks 1-2, then escalated to 100 mg TID from week 3 onward to mitigate gastrointestinal adverse effects (e.g., bloating, flatulence). (2) Vildagliptin group (n = 50): vildagliptin (Swiss Novartis Limited, 50 mg/tablet) was administered as 50 mg twice daily (BID) before meals.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Effect of acarbose and vildagliptin on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-month, two-arm randomized controlled trial

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1575087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Association of changes in the clinical metabolic characteristics and plasma levels of gut microbiota metabolites after 6-month intervention. Heatmaps resulting from Spearman rank correlation coefficients (Spearman’s rho) of the changes () of each variable to its baseline with consistent responses to 6-month acarbose (a) or vildagliptin (b) treatment. * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001. Red and green indicate that the two variables are positively and negatively correlated, respectively. Detailed statistical data are presented in Supplementary Table 3 .

Article Snippet: The study treatments were as follows (1): Acarbose group (n = 50): acarbose (Bayer Medical and Health Co., Ltd., 50 mg/tablet) was initiated at 50 mg three times daily (TID) with the first meal for weeks 1-2, then escalated to 100 mg TID from week 3 onward to mitigate gastrointestinal adverse effects (e.g., bloating, flatulence). (2) Vildagliptin group (n = 50): vildagliptin (Swiss Novartis Limited, 50 mg/tablet) was administered as 50 mg twice daily (BID) before meals.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics