Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Mendelian randomization analysis of causal relationships between chondrosarcoma and angiogenesis related genes

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04621-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: RT-qPCR Validation of Key Genes in Chondrosarcoma Cell Lines. (A-D) Relative expression levels of LINC00984, TXNDC2, MPL28, and RP11-474N24.6 in SW1353, JJ012, and OUMS-27 chondrosarcoma cell lines compared to normal C28/I2 chondrocytes. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01 vs. control group

Article Snippet: Human chondrosarcoma cell lines SW1353, JJ012, and OUMS-27, along with normal human chondrocyte cell line C28/I2 (control), were obtained from ATCC and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO2.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) The LGALS3 full-length promoter (−2638/+52) and the deletions (−1925/+52), (−1442/+52), (−535/+52), (−428/+52), (−328/+52), (−228/+52), (−117/+52), (−97/+52), (−77/+52), (−37/+52), (−17/+52) are shown in a diagram drawn to scale. Positions are numbered according to the distance to the transcription start site (TSS), where negative means upstream and positive means downstream of the TSS. ( b ) Relative activity of LGALS3 promoter sequence deletions in SW1353 cells. The activity of these deletions is shown as an x-fold increase relative to cells transfected with the promoter-less vector pGL4.20 (Basic). The graph shows the results’ mean ± SD of at least four biological replicates, each including three technical replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Sequencing, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative activity of the LGALS3 full-length promoter (−2638/+52) in SW1353 cells when co-transfected with 30 ng of different SOX-containing plasmids (pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX2, -SOX4, -SOX5, -SOX6 and -SOX9). The relative activity of the promoter in the different conditions is calculated as a ratio to the promoter activity of the cells transfected with the vector pcDNA3.1(+) lacking the respective SOX. The graph shows results’ mean relative activity ± SD from four technical replicates, each including three biological replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative activity of the LGALS3 full-length promoter (−2638/+52) in SW1353 cells when titrated with different amounts of SOX-containing plasmids. ( a ) pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX2, ( b ) pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX4, ( c ) pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX5, ( d ) pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX6, ( e ) pcDNA3.1(+)-SOX9. The amounts of DNA used were: 0.1 ng, 1 ng, 10 ng, 100 ng. For each condition, a negative control without the SOX-encoding plasmid was included. The x-axis is plotted on a logarithmic scale. The relative activity of the promoter in the different conditions is calculated as a ratio to the promoter activity of the cells transfected with the vector pcDNA3.1(+) lacking the respective SOX. The graph shows results’ mean relative activity ± SD from three biological replicates, including three technical replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Negative Control, Plasmid Preparation, Transfection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative activity of LGALS3 promoter deletion variants in SW1353 cells when co-transfected for 24 h with SOX-protein-containing plasmids: ( a ) SOX2 or ( b ) SOX9. The graph shows results’ mean ± SD from at least three biological replicates, including three technical replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. The white bars represent the negative control (empty pcDNA3.1(+)). ( a ) The light grey bars represent SOX2. ( b ) The dark grey bars represent SOX9.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transfection, Standard Deviation, Negative Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fold enrichment of specific promoter binding of HaloTag-SOX9 and hGal3p(−93/+49). ( a ) HaloChIP TM experiments were performed using SW1353 cells transfected with HaloTag-SOX9 or with the HaloTag-only vector (pHTN, control). DNA bound to SOX9 was isolated using the HaloCHIP™ system (Promega), and DNA was amplified via quantitative PCR. ADAMTS-4 is a known target of SOX9 and was used as a positive control. The graph shows mean ± SD from two biological replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. White bars represent the HaloTag-only control (pHTN). The dark grey bars represent HaloTag-SOX9. ( b ) The sequence stretch studied is shown, with a potential SOX9 binding site shown in a box. ( c ) A canonical SOX9 binding motif is shown.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Isolation, Amplification, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Positive Control, Standard Deviation, Sequencing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: SOX9 represses the human galectin-3 promoter in SW1353 cells: potential implications for osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50507-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mutagenesis of the predicted SOX9 binding-site in the LGALS3 promoter. ( a ) The predicted SOX9 motif is shown within the wild-type sequence (WT); Mut shows the mutated motif. ( b ) Firefly luciferase activity (Firefly/ Renilla ratio) of the LGALS3 promoter construct (−97/+52) WT versus the LGALS3 promoter construct (−97/+52) carrying a mutation in the predicted SOX9 binding site in SW1353 cells, co-transfected with pcDNA (white bars) or pcDNA- SOX9 (grey bars). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical significance is indicated as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells (ATCC HTB-94TM, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), containing 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Binding Assay, Sequencing, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Construct, Transfection

Journal: JCI Insight

Article Title: Activation of SLIT2/ROBO1/LRP6 axis aggravates cartilage degradation via β -catenin signaling in TMJOA

doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.193632

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot detection of the effects of SLIT2 overexpression in primary chondrocytes from 3-week-old C57 and SLIT2-Tg mice. Primary chondrocytes for each independent isolation batch were pooled from 3 mice, and the process was repeated 3 times. ( B ) Relative quantification of COL2A1, MMP13, and IL-1β proteins. ( C ) qRT-PCR analysis of the effect of SLIT2 overexpression in primary chondrocytes from 3-week-old C57 or SLIT2-Tg mice. ( D ) Western blot detection of COL2A1, MMP13, and MMP3 after 48 hours of treatment with rhSLIT2 at 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/mL in SW1353 cells. ( E ) Relative quantification of COL2A1, MMP3, MMP13 and SOX9 proteins. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 compared with the 0 ng/mL group. ( F ) Western blot detection of the effect of SLIT2 knockdown on human chondrocytes treated with NC or Si-SLIT2 sequence for 48 hours. ( G ) Relative quantification of MMP3, MMP13, and SOX9 proteins. ( H ) qRT-PCR detection of the effect of SLIT2 knockdown on SW1353 cells treated with NC or Si-SLIT2 sequence for 24 hours. ( I ) A heatmap illustrating differentially expressed genes related to TMJOA from RNA-seq analysis between the NC and Si-SLIT2 groups. ( J ) GO analysis of 12 key terms from the top terms. All data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by 2-tailed Student’s t test ( B , C , G , and H ) and 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( E ). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: HEK293T cells and the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353 were purchased from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S). rhSLIT2 (R&D Systems) or IL-1β (PeproTech) was added when the cells reached the appropriate density.

Techniques: Western Blot, Over Expression, Isolation, Quantitative Proteomics, Quantitative RT-PCR, Knockdown, Sequencing, RNA Sequencing, Comparison

Journal: JCI Insight

Article Title: Activation of SLIT2/ROBO1/LRP6 axis aggravates cartilage degradation via β -catenin signaling in TMJOA

doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.193632

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) GSEA was performed using gene sets related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway from the GO and KEGG databases to assess differences between the NC and Si-SLIT2 groups. ( B and C ) IHC images of active β-catenin in condylar cartilage, and quantitative analysis of the percentage of active β-catenin–positive cells ( n = 4). ( D and E ) IHC images of p-LRP6 in condylar cartilage, and quantitative analysis of the percentage of p-LRP6–positive cells ( n = 4). ( F and G ) Western blot detection of the effect of ROBO1 knockdown for GSK-3β and active β-catenin proteins in SW1353 chondrocytes, and relative quantification of p-GSK-3β/t-GSK-3β and active β-catenin proteins. ( H and I ) IF staining images of β-catenin proteins after being treated with rhSLIT2 and/or Si-ROBO1, and relative quantification of fluorescence intensity of β-catenin proteins. ( J and K ) Western blot analysis assessing the effect of LRP6 knockdown on rhSLIT2-induced catabolism in SW1353 chondrocytes, and relative quantification of MMP3, MMP13, and SOX9 proteins. ( L and M ) Western blot analysis showing the impact of LRP6 knockdown on rhSLIT2-induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin in SW1353 cells, and relative quantification of β-catenin proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Scale bars: 50 μm. All data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by 2-tailed Student’s t test ( C , E , and G ), 2-way ANOVA with Šidák’s post hoc analysis ( I and K ), and 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( M ). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: HEK293T cells and the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353 were purchased from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S). rhSLIT2 (R&D Systems) or IL-1β (PeproTech) was added when the cells reached the appropriate density.

Techniques: Western Blot, Knockdown, Quantitative Proteomics, Staining, Fluorescence, Translocation Assay, Comparison

Journal: JCI Insight

Article Title: Activation of SLIT2/ROBO1/LRP6 axis aggravates cartilage degradation via β -catenin signaling in TMJOA

doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.193632

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A and B ) Western blot analysis of p-LRP6 with the effect of rhSLIT2 and/or Si-ROBO1 in SW1353 cells, and relative quantification of p-LRP6 proteins. ( C and D ) IF staining images of the effect of rhSLIT2 and Si-ROBO1 on the expression of p-LRP6 in SW1353 cells, and relative quantification of fluorescence intensity of p-LRP6 proteins. Scale bar: 50 μm. ( E and F ) Western blot analysis examining the effect of LRP6 knockdown on ROBO1 expression in SW1353 cells, and relative quantification of ROBO1 proteins. ( G ) Visualization of representative potential binding sites between LRP6 and ROBO1 using PyMOL. ( H ) Co-IP experiments detected the interaction between ROBO1 and LRP6 in SW1353 cells. ( I and J ) Co-IP experiments using overexpression plasmids for LRP6 and ROBO1 to validate their interaction in SW1353 chondrocytes. ( K ) Co-IP analysis of the effect of rhSLIT2 on the interaction between LRP6 and ROBO1 in SW1353 chondrocytes transfected with overexpression plasmids. ( L ) IF staining showing the effect of rhSLIT2 on the colocalization of ROBO1 and LRP6 in SW1353 cells. Scale bars: 10 μm (left) and 1 μm (right). ( M ) IF staining intensity curve of ROBO1 and LRP6 in IF images. ( N ) Quantification of colocalization using Pearson’s correlation and overlap coefficients. All data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( B and D ) and 2-tailed Student’s t test ( F and N ). NS, not significant. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: HEK293T cells and the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353 were purchased from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S). rhSLIT2 (R&D Systems) or IL-1β (PeproTech) was added when the cells reached the appropriate density.

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence, Knockdown, Binding Assay, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Over Expression, Transfection, Comparison

Journal: Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Article Title: Ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides from Ulva sp. attenuate osteoarthritis in a high-fat diet and ligamentous meniscal injury-induced rat model

doi: 10.1186/s40643-026-01012-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of UE and UH on the production of IL-6, MMP-3, and Collagen 2α1 in MIA-induced SW1353 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). # indicates significant difference at p < 0.05; ## indicates significant difference at p < 0.01. Collagen 2α1, Collagen Type II Alpha 1; IL, interleukin; MIA, monosodium iodoacetate; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; UE, Ulva extract; UH, Ulva hydrolysate

Article Snippet: The human chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353 was purchased from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques:

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Vasculogenic Mimicry: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Chondrosarcoma Therapy

doi: 10.3390/cells15050392

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro tube formation ability by chondrosarcoma cells. ( A ) Representative images of HUVEC (upper panels) or Sarc cells (lower panels) seeded onto GFR-Matrigel and allowed to form vascular tubules in vitro in the absence of serum (CTRL) or in the presence of FBS. Images acquired using an inverted phase-contrast microscope (Axiovert 200) and Axiovision 4.8 software (Zeiss). Scale bar, 100 μm or 50 μm in panels with higher magnification. Periodic acid—Schiff staining performed on HUVECs and Sarc cells (panels on the right) effectively shows that the newly formed tubes are rich in PAS-positive glycogen. ( B ) Representative images of SW1353 cell line and patient-derived ChS cells (ChS-1, ChS-2, and ChS-3), seeded onto GFR-Matrigel and allowed to form vascular-like tubules. Images acquired using an inverted phase-contrast microscope (Axiovert 200) and Axiovision 4.8 software (Zeiss). Scale bar, 500 μm.

Article Snippet: The SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line, provided by ATCC, was cultured in Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium (Gibco) with the addition of 10% FBS, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin and maintained at 37 °C, 100% air, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: In Vitro, Microscopy, Software, Staining, Derivative Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Vasculogenic Mimicry: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Chondrosarcoma Therapy

doi: 10.3390/cells15050392

Figure Lengend Snippet: ChS cells do not express VEGFR-2, and VEGF-A does not trigger Sarc cell proliferation. ( A ) Cell lysates (40 µg/samples) from the SW1353 cell line, patient-derived ChS cells, stabilized Sarc cells and HUVECs were resolved on a 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane, followed by Western blot with anti-VEGFR-2 and anti-GAPDH as loading control. Chemiluminescent signals were detected and images captured using the eBright 1500 imaging system. ( B , C ) Time-dependent Sarc cell ( B ) and HUVEC ( C ) proliferation monitored using the xCELLigence RTCA technology. Briefly, 1 × 10 4 Sarc cells ( B ) or HUVECs ( C ), seeded in E-16-well plates in the absence (None, in red) or in the presence of 50 ng/mL VEGF-A (VEGF, in blue), were allowed to proliferate over 96 h. The histograms (right panels) report the slope analysis (time range 0–96 h). Data represent mean ± SD from quadruplicate experiments. Student’s t -test ns, not significant; *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line, provided by ATCC, was cultured in Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium (Gibco) with the addition of 10% FBS, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin and maintained at 37 °C, 100% air, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, SDS Page, Membrane, Western Blot, Control, Imaging

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Vasculogenic Mimicry: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Chondrosarcoma Therapy

doi: 10.3390/cells15050392

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flow cytometry analysis of vasculogenic-related markers on ChS cell surfaces. The expression levels of vasculogenic markers on SW1353, patient-derived ChS-1, ChS-2, ChS-3, stabilized Sarc ChS cells and HUVECs (with the last cell type used for comparison) were determined by flow cytometry using anti-CD34_PE-Cy7 (sky blue), anti-Podoplanin_ABflo 488 (red), anti-CD31_ABflo 647 (blue), anti-VE Cadherin_ABflo 488 (magenta), anti-EphA2-Alexa 488 (yellow) and anti-uPAR_APC (green). Unstained cells or omission of the primary antibody (when using unconjugated anti-EphA2) were used as negative controls (black lines).

Article Snippet: The SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line, provided by ATCC, was cultured in Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium (Gibco) with the addition of 10% FBS, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin and maintained at 37 °C, 100% air, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Comparison

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Vasculogenic Mimicry: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Chondrosarcoma Therapy

doi: 10.3390/cells15050392

Figure Lengend Snippet: The inhibitor peptide RI-3 impairs the VM ability of ChS cells. ( A – C ) Representative images of VM by SW1353 ( A ) or patient-derived ChS-1 cells ( C ) suspended in serum free medium (Ctrl-) or 4% FBS medium and seeded onto GFR-Matrigel, in the absence of treatment (None) or in the presence of 10 nM RI-3 peptide or 500 μg/mL Bevacizumab (Beva), and allowed to form vascular-like tubules for 24 h. ( B – D ) The histograms report the quantitative analysis of VM formation performed by the Angiogenesis Analyzer tool of ImageJ software. Data represent mean ± SD from quadruplicate experiments performed at least three times. Student’s t -test ns, not significant, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line, provided by ATCC, was cultured in Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium (Gibco) with the addition of 10% FBS, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin and maintained at 37 °C, 100% air, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Software