Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Extraction of lichen bioactive compounds using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents and comparative analytical approaches

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08069-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Thermostability of physodalic acid, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, physodic acid, atranorin, and chloroatranorin at three temperatures (40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C), with the control sample stored at room temperature. ( a ) A mixture of lichen compounds dissolved in DMSO was subjected to a 15-min incubation in an incubator at various temperatures. ( b ) A mixture of lichen compounds dissolved in acetone was exposed to temperature treatment using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system. Data are mean ± SD ( n = 3), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the control.

Article Snippet: The first method is based on the use of an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) (Thermo Scientific Dionex, ASE-350, New York, USA).

Techniques: Control, Incubation, Solvent, Extraction

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Extraction of lichen bioactive compounds using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents and comparative analytical approaches

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08069-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of solvent type (acetone—Ac; ethyl acetate—EtOAc) and extraction method (ultrasound-assisted extraction—UAE; maceration—MAC; accelerated solvent extraction—ASE) on the extraction of physodalic acid, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, physodic acid, atranorin, chloroatranorin, and the total content of lichen acids (mg/g DW) from H. physodes during successive extraction steps using fresh solvent. *Values below the limit of detection (LOD); **trace amounts below 1 ppm. Columns marked with different lowercase letters represent significant differences based on Tukey’s post-hoc test ( p < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA results: p-values indicate the effects of factors: A (extraction method), B (solvent type), and A × B (interaction between method and solvent). Data are presented as means ( n = 3) ± standard deviation (SD).

Article Snippet: The first method is based on the use of an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) (Thermo Scientific Dionex, ASE-350, New York, USA).

Techniques: Solvent, Extraction, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Extraction of lichen bioactive compounds using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents and comparative analytical approaches

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08069-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of extraction method: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), maceration (MAC), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and solvent type: acetone, ethyl acetate on extraction yield (bars) and total lichen acid content (dots) in successive stages of the extraction sequence (I-V) and for the total amount collected from all extraction steps. Data are mean ± SD ( n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences between the samples, calculated based on a 2-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey analysis Two-way ANOVA results: p-values indicate the effects of factors: A (extraction method), B (solvent type), and AxB (interaction between method and solvent). Data are presented as means ( n = 3) ± standard deviation (SD).

Article Snippet: The first method is based on the use of an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) (Thermo Scientific Dionex, ASE-350, New York, USA).

Techniques: Extraction, Solvent, Sequencing, Standard Deviation