Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Endothelial cell, but not neutrophil, programmed cell death receptor-ligand 1 loss has a morbid impact on experimental murine shock/sepsis-induced lung injury

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1816915

Figure Lengend Snippet: Description (A) and characterization of endothelial cell ( ec PD-L1 −/− ) (B, D) or neutrophil ( pmn PD-L1 −/− ) (C, E) restricted constitutive PD-L1 gene-deficient mice. Taconic Knockout Repository [mouse TF0103 (MGI:1926446); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Germantown, NY], CD274/PD-L1 conditional knockout mouse. PD-L1 gene exons 1 to 4 are shown as green boxes and loxP sites flanking exon 2 are depicted as red triangles (A) . Homozygous PD-L1 flox/flox were subsequently crossed to either VE-Cadherin‐Cre (B6.FVB-Tg[Cdh5-cre]7Mlia/J; Strain #:006137; RRID: IMSR_JAX:006137) or the S100a8-Cre (B6.Cg-Tg[S100a8-cre,-EGFP]1IIw/J; Strain #:021614; RRID: IMSR_JAX:021614) mice, obtained from Jackson Labs, to produce either mice homozygous for both the flox PD-L1 and specific cell-lineage Cre promoter genes or mice that were heterozygous for one or both genes that served as “Controls”. Gating strategy and typical flow cytogram/dot plot of select cell-lineage restricted PD-L1 expression [either CD31 and PD-L1 (B) or Ly6G and PD-L1 (C) ] for various breeding outcomes from respective Cre-Lox matings for PD-L1 flox/flox animals with VE-Cadherin‐Cre (B) or PD-L1 flox/flox animals with S100a8-Cre (C) . Summary data for the change in percentage PD-L1 + endothelial cells (CD31 + ) (D) and percentage PD-L1 + neutrophils (Ly6G + ) (E) . A dotted line is provided to indicate median frequency of non-specific antibody binding typically detected using gating strategy during analysis, which was 2.75% ± 1.77% CD31 + PD-L1 + (D) and 2.29 ± 0.50% Ly6G + PD-L1 + (E) , respectively. The presence of a significant difference between groups was established at * p < 0.05 with a Mann–Whittney U test.

Article Snippet: The VE-Cadherin‐Cre (Strain #:006137; RRID: IMSR_JAX:006137) and the S100a8-Cre (Strain #:021614; RRID: IMSR_JAX:021614) breeder mouse strains were also obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (see ).

Techniques: Knock-Out, Expressing, Binding Assay

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased S100A8/9 expression in the skin and serum of patients with BP and AD. ( a ) Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-S100A8/9 antibody showing the expression of S100A8/9 in keratinocytes and infiltrating inflammatory cells of lesional skin of patients with BP and AD. S100A8/9 expression was not observed in the healthy skin. Scale bar: 100 μm. (b) Quantification of the expression level of S100A8/9. (control, n = 2; BP, n = 5; AD n = 2). Inter-patient heterogeneity of the expression level of S100A8/9 was observed in the BP skin samples, and representative images of both low and high S100A8/9 expression were shown in A. (c) ELISA analysis showing increased S100A8/9 concentrations in the serum of patients with BP. (control, n = 8; BP, n = 16; P = .0087, Mann-Whitney test). Data are reported as mean ± SD. AD, atopic dermatitis; BP, bullous pemphigoid.

Article Snippet: Chemicals used are listed as follows: S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml, R&D Systems, 9877-S8, 2065-S9, 8916-S8), Bam8-22 (1 μM, custom synthesized by Genscript), and capsaicin (Sigma M2028, 1 μM).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: S100A8/9 directly activates small-diameter, nociceptive DRG sensory neurons. ( a ) Representative fluorescent images of cultured DRG sensory neurons isolated from Pirt GCaMP3/+ mice before and after S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml) application. Arrows point to sensory neurons showing increased GCaMP3 fluorescence levels after S100A8/9 application. (b) Histogram showing size distribution of S100A8/9-responsive neurons. (c–e) Representative traces of DRG neurons evoked by indicated chemicals, including S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml), S100A8 (100 ng/ml), S100A9 (100 ng/ml), capsaicin (1 μM), and KCl (75 mM) in a calcium imaging assay. All S100A8/9-sensitive neurons responded to capsaicin and KCl. The majority of S100A8- and S100A9-responsive neurons also responded to S100A8/9. The three different colors (Red, Green, and Blue) represent individual cells in C-E. (f) TAK-242 inhibited S100A8/9-induced calcium responses in sensory neurons. (n = 3 for both groups P = .018, Welch’s t -test). Data are reported as mean ± SD. AD, atopic dermatitis; BP, bullous pemphigoid; DRG, dorsal root ganglia.

Article Snippet: Chemicals used are listed as follows: S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml, R&D Systems, 9877-S8, 2065-S9, 8916-S8), Bam8-22 (1 μM, custom synthesized by Genscript), and capsaicin (Sigma M2028, 1 μM).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Isolation, Fluorescence, Imaging

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: S100A8/9 potentiate histamine-induced itch. ( a ) Subcutaneous injection of S100A8/9 (20 μg/ml) into the nape of the neck of wild-type mice does not induce scratching behavior. (n = 7 for both groups, P = .97, Welch’s t test). (b) Co-injection of S100A8/9 increased histamine (20 mM)-induced scratching behavior. (n = 11 for both groups, P = .038, Welch’s t test). Data are reported as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: Chemicals used are listed as follows: S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml, R&D Systems, 9877-S8, 2065-S9, 8916-S8), Bam8-22 (1 μM, custom synthesized by Genscript), and capsaicin (Sigma M2028, 1 μM).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased S100A8/9 expression in the skin and serum of patients with BP and AD. ( a ) Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-S100A8/9 antibody showing the expression of S100A8/9 in keratinocytes and infiltrating inflammatory cells of lesional skin of patients with BP and AD. S100A8/9 expression was not observed in the healthy skin. Scale bar: 100 μm. (b) Quantification of the expression level of S100A8/9. (control, n = 2; BP, n = 5; AD n = 2). Inter-patient heterogeneity of the expression level of S100A8/9 was observed in the BP skin samples, and representative images of both low and high S100A8/9 expression were shown in A. (c) ELISA analysis showing increased S100A8/9 concentrations in the serum of patients with BP. (control, n = 8; BP, n = 16; P = .0087, Mann-Whitney test). Data are reported as mean ± SD. AD, atopic dermatitis; BP, bullous pemphigoid.

Article Snippet: Five-micrometer paraffin sections were collected and stained for immunohistochemistry with anti-S100A8 antibody (1:8000, R&D Systems, MAB4570).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: S100A8/9 directly activates small-diameter, nociceptive DRG sensory neurons. ( a ) Representative fluorescent images of cultured DRG sensory neurons isolated from Pirt GCaMP3/+ mice before and after S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml) application. Arrows point to sensory neurons showing increased GCaMP3 fluorescence levels after S100A8/9 application. (b) Histogram showing size distribution of S100A8/9-responsive neurons. (c–e) Representative traces of DRG neurons evoked by indicated chemicals, including S100A8/9 (100 ng/ml), S100A8 (100 ng/ml), S100A9 (100 ng/ml), capsaicin (1 μM), and KCl (75 mM) in a calcium imaging assay. All S100A8/9-sensitive neurons responded to capsaicin and KCl. The majority of S100A8- and S100A9-responsive neurons also responded to S100A8/9. The three different colors (Red, Green, and Blue) represent individual cells in C-E. (f) TAK-242 inhibited S100A8/9-induced calcium responses in sensory neurons. (n = 3 for both groups P = .018, Welch’s t -test). Data are reported as mean ± SD. AD, atopic dermatitis; BP, bullous pemphigoid; DRG, dorsal root ganglia.

Article Snippet: Five-micrometer paraffin sections were collected and stained for immunohistochemistry with anti-S100A8 antibody (1:8000, R&D Systems, MAB4570).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Isolation, Fluorescence, Imaging

Journal: JID Innovations

Article Title: A neuroimmune axis linking S100A8/9 to itch sensitization in both bullous pemphigoid and atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2026.100470

Figure Lengend Snippet: S100A8/9 potentiate histamine-induced itch. ( a ) Subcutaneous injection of S100A8/9 (20 μg/ml) into the nape of the neck of wild-type mice does not induce scratching behavior. (n = 7 for both groups, P = .97, Welch’s t test). (b) Co-injection of S100A8/9 increased histamine (20 mM)-induced scratching behavior. (n = 11 for both groups, P = .038, Welch’s t test). Data are reported as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: Five-micrometer paraffin sections were collected and stained for immunohistochemistry with anti-S100A8 antibody (1:8000, R&D Systems, MAB4570).

Techniques: Injection