Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: A wearable repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation device

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58095-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Measured induced voltage waveform at the coil surface. b Peak magnetic flux density at different distances from the coil surface. c Single-pulse energy loss at 100% power. Magstim lost 149 J per single pulse, while rTMS-tiny lost only 13.4 J. d Relationship between the output frequency and the maximum available stimulus intensity. The stimulus intensity can reach 100% MSO for frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 55 Hz. For frequencies greater than 55 Hz, the available stimulus intensity decreases. For instance, at 100 Hz, it decreases to 55% MSO. rTMS-tiny’s repetitive output capability reached the level of the Magstim Super Rapid2 Plus conventional TMS device. e Coil temperature after stimulation given a starting temperature of 25 °C. Coil temperature remained within the requirements of IEC 60601-1. f Infrared thermal imaging of the coil after 3000 pulses of 10 Hz rTMS at 95% MSO. The heat diffused from the copper coil to the surroundings, with a maximum temperature of 41.8 °C. g rTMS waveform at 100% MSO. Pulse stimulation frequency is 10 Hz. No decay of stimulation intensity between pulses. h TBS waveform at 100% MSO. Pulse stimulation frequency is 50 Hz, 3 pulses form a cluster, with a repetition frequency of clusters at 5 Hz. Less than 5% decay of stimulation intensity within each cluster, and no decay of stimulation intensity between clusters. i Battery endurance. At 70% MSO, rTMS-tiny delivered 8200 pulses of 10 Hz rTMS, and at 95% intensity, it delivered 3500 pulses.

Article Snippet: Remarkably, rTMS-tiny is able to achieve repetition frequency and stimulus intensity that match the Super Rapid 2 Plus commercial rTMS device from Magstim.

Techniques: Imaging, Battery

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: A wearable repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation device

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58095-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a RMT test results for both hands and both legs. The smaller dots denote each participant’s RMT value. The larger dots denote the mean RMT values ( n = 15). The mixed-effects analysis was used to analyse RMT values, and p values were 0.003, 0.005, 0.073, and 0.621, respectively. b MEP amplitudes for both hands APB muscles in 15 subjects under output power ranging from 50% to 100% MSO. Comparing the MEP amplitudes induced by Magstim and rTMS-tiny at 80%, 90%, and 100% MSO, showed that the maximum stimulus intensity of rTMS-tiny is about 89% of Magstim for the right-hand APB muscle and 90% for the left-hand APB muscle. c MEP amplitudes for both legs TA muscles in 15 subjects under output power ranging from 50% to 100% MSO. Comparing the MEP amplitudes induced by Magstim and rTMS-tiny at 80%, 90%, and 100% MSO showed that the maximum stimulus intensity of rTMS-tiny is about 90% of Magstim for both legs TA muscles. Error bars denote standard errors of the means. A total of 10 technical replicates were used to calculate the MEP amplitudes in ( a – c ). We did not establish the control group using a sham TMS coil because it is clear that no MEP or RMT can be elicited by the sham coil.

Article Snippet: Remarkably, rTMS-tiny is able to achieve repetition frequency and stimulus intensity that match the Super Rapid 2 Plus commercial rTMS device from Magstim.

Techniques: Muscles, Control