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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
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rotarod apparatus  (San Diego Instruments)
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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
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rotarod  (Panlab)
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Panlab rotarod
Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
Rotarod, supplied by Panlab, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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accelerated rotarod test  (Panlab)
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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual <t>rotarod</t> trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).
Accelerated Rotarod Test, supplied by Panlab, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual rotarod trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).

Journal: iScience

Article Title: The GPCR Smoothened on cholinergic interneurons modulates dopamine-associated acetylcholine dynamics, learning, and effort management

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115324

Figure Lengend Snippet: Smo bidirectionally impacts motor learning (A) Structure of individual rotarod trials, performed 10 times per day. (B) Average latency to fall ( top ) and best-fit performance curves to criterion ( middle and bottom ) for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− ( left, bottom ) and SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− ( right, bottom ) versus respective controls (middle). (C) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (D) Average number of days to reach criterion for Smo L/L :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 8 per genotype; Brown-Forsythe test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, ∗ p < 0.05). (E) Average slope of individual best-fit performance curves for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; F test indicated unequal variances, p < 0.01; Welch-corrected unpaired two-tailed t test, p > 0.05). (F) Average number of days to reach criterion for SmoM2 C/- :ChATCre +/− and control mice ( n = 9–10 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (G) Slope comparison between control mouse strains ( n = 8–9 per strain; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Mann-Whitney U test, p > 0.05). (H) Best-fit slopes normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; Shapiro-Wilk test indicated lack of normality, p < 0.01; Kruskal-Wallis test, ∗ p < 0.05; post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ∗ p < 0.05). (I) Average latency to fall post-criterion, normalized to background strain ( n = 8–17 per genotype; one-way ANOVA: main effect, F(2, 26) = 1.36, p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Trials were conducted in a room with low ambient light and noise using a five-lane mouse rotarod (ENV-574M; Med Associates) programmed to accelerate linearly from 4 to 40 RPM over 300 seconds (preset speed setting #9).

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test, Comparison