Journal: iScience

Article Title: Roseburia hominis enriched by baicalin reverses the non-response to metformin via upregulating linolenic acid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Baicalin combined with metformin improved the blood glucose levels in metformin non-responsive mice by activating the AMPK/ACC/CPT1 pathway (A–F) The serum concentrations of (A) TC, (B) LDL-C, (C) HDL-C, (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-6, and (F) IL-10. (G) Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, pancreas, epididymal adipose tissues, and oil red O staining of the liver (magnification, 30×; scale bars, 100 μm). (H) Western blot analysis of pAMPK (Thr172), ACC, and CPT1 proteins in the livers of mice after administration. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (A‒F, n = 6–8; H, n = 3); ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s post hoc test (A, B, C, E, F, and H) and Kruskal-Wallis test (D). NCD, normal chow diet; NR, non-response; Met, metformin; BA, baicalin; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1.

Article Snippet: These membranes were then incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies against AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Proteintech, Cat# 10929-2-AP, RRID: AB_2169568 , 1:4,000), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Proteintech, Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914 , 1:1,000), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (40H9) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250 , 1:1,000), phospho-IRS-1 (Ser636/639) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2388, RRID: AB_330339 , 1:1,000), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) (Proteintech, Cat# 16754-1-AP, RRID: AB_2160031 , 1:30,000), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) (Proteintech, Cat# 66860-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882199 , 1:5,000), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Proteintech, Cat# 66888-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882219 , 1:30,000), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) (Proteintech, Cat# 28034-1-AP, RRID: AB_2918142 , 1:4,000), phospholipase A2 group (PLA2G) (Proteintech, Cat# 18088-1-AP, RRID: AB_10859777 , 1:1,000), acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Proteintech, Cat# 21923-1-AP, RRID: AB_11042445 , 1:4,000), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) (Proteintech, Cat# 15184-1-AP, RRID: AB_2084676 , 1:50,000), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Proteintech, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076 , 1:20,000), β-tubulin (Proteintech, Cat# 10094-1-AP, RRID: AB_2210695 , 1:10,000).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Roseburia hominis enriched by baicalin reverses the non-response to metformin via upregulating linolenic acid metabolism

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113892

Figure Lengend Snippet: R. hominis treatment reversed the metformin NR phenotype in NR mice (A) Experimental protocol for administration of R. hominis in mice. (B) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curve and its area under the curve (AUC). (C) Insulin tolerance test (ITT) curve and its AUC. (D) Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after drug R. hominis . (E–J) The serum concentrations of (E) TC, (F) LDL-C, (G) HDL-C, (H) IL-1β, (I) IL-6, and (J) IL-10. (K) Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of the liver, pancreas, epididymal adipose tissues, and oil red O staining of the liver (magnification, 30×; scale bars, 100 μm). (L) Western blot analysis of AMPK/ACC/CPT1 proteins in the livers of mice after administration. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD ( n = 7–8); ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s post hoc test. ANOVA, analysis of variance; ABX, antibiotic mixed; FMT, fecal microbial transplantation; NCD, normal chow diet; R.h, Roseburia hominis ; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1.

Article Snippet: These membranes were then incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies against AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Proteintech, Cat# 10929-2-AP, RRID: AB_2169568 , 1:4,000), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Proteintech, Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914 , 1:1,000), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (40H9) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2535, RRID: AB_331250 , 1:1,000), phospho-IRS-1 (Ser636/639) (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2388, RRID: AB_330339 , 1:1,000), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) (Proteintech, Cat# 16754-1-AP, RRID: AB_2160031 , 1:30,000), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) (Proteintech, Cat# 66860-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882199 , 1:5,000), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Proteintech, Cat# 66888-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2882219 , 1:30,000), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) (Proteintech, Cat# 28034-1-AP, RRID: AB_2918142 , 1:4,000), phospholipase A2 group (PLA2G) (Proteintech, Cat# 18088-1-AP, RRID: AB_10859777 , 1:1,000), acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) (Proteintech, Cat# 21923-1-AP, RRID: AB_11042445 , 1:4,000), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) (Proteintech, Cat# 15184-1-AP, RRID: AB_2084676 , 1:50,000), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Proteintech, Cat# 10494-1-AP, RRID: AB_2263076 , 1:20,000), β-tubulin (Proteintech, Cat# 10094-1-AP, RRID: AB_2210695 , 1:10,000).

Techniques: Staining, Western Blot, Transplantation Assay