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Human metabolic pathways of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is formed by CYP1A2, aflatoxin P1 (AFP1) by CYP2A13, CYP2A3, and CYP321A1. Aflatoxin-8,9-endo/exo-epoxides (AFBO) are formed by both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. More downstream metabolites of AFBO are depicted without a frame (aflatoxin B-N 7 -guanine (AFB-N 7 -gua), aflatoxin B-formamidopyridine (AFB-FAPyr), aflatoxin B-diol (AFB-diol), aflatoxin B-dialdehyde (AFB-dialdehyde), aflatoxin B-S-glutathion (AFB-GSH), aflatoxin B-mercapturic acid (AFB-NAC), aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB-lysine), aflatoxin B-monoalcohols (AFB-monoalcohols), and aflatoxin B dialcohol (AFB-dialcohol)). Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) is formed by the involvement of CYP450 enzymes, not further specified. Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) is formed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Aflatoxicol (AFL) is produced by <t>nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide</t> phosphate reductase (NADPH reductase). Both AFL and AFQ1 can form aflatoxicol H1 (AFH1). Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug and CYP3A4 inducer, is also presented, indicating its inducing effect on CYP3A4, expected to increase the formation of both AFQ1 and AFBO (green frames) . The toxic metabolites of AFB1 are presented in thick grey frames (AFM1 and AFBO).
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Tetrasodium (Nadph.4na), supplied by GENTAUR Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Human metabolic pathways of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is formed by CYP1A2, aflatoxin P1 (AFP1) by CYP2A13, CYP2A3, and CYP321A1. Aflatoxin-8,9-endo/exo-epoxides (AFBO) are formed by both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. More downstream metabolites of AFBO are depicted without a frame (aflatoxin B-N 7 -guanine (AFB-N 7 -gua), aflatoxin B-formamidopyridine (AFB-FAPyr), aflatoxin B-diol (AFB-diol), aflatoxin B-dialdehyde (AFB-dialdehyde), aflatoxin B-S-glutathion (AFB-GSH), aflatoxin B-mercapturic acid (AFB-NAC), aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB-lysine), aflatoxin B-monoalcohols (AFB-monoalcohols), and aflatoxin B dialcohol (AFB-dialcohol)). Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) is formed by the involvement of CYP450 enzymes, not further specified. Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) is formed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Aflatoxicol (AFL) is produced by nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate reductase (NADPH reductase). Both AFL and AFQ1 can form aflatoxicol H1 (AFH1). Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug and CYP3A4 inducer, is also presented, indicating its inducing effect on CYP3A4, expected to increase the formation of both AFQ1 and AFBO (green frames) . The toxic metabolites of AFB1 are presented in thick grey frames (AFM1 and AFBO).

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Exploring the Impact of Efavirenz on Aflatoxin B1 Metabolism: Insights from a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model and a Human Liver Microsome Study

doi: 10.3390/toxins16060259

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human metabolic pathways of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is formed by CYP1A2, aflatoxin P1 (AFP1) by CYP2A13, CYP2A3, and CYP321A1. Aflatoxin-8,9-endo/exo-epoxides (AFBO) are formed by both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. More downstream metabolites of AFBO are depicted without a frame (aflatoxin B-N 7 -guanine (AFB-N 7 -gua), aflatoxin B-formamidopyridine (AFB-FAPyr), aflatoxin B-diol (AFB-diol), aflatoxin B-dialdehyde (AFB-dialdehyde), aflatoxin B-S-glutathion (AFB-GSH), aflatoxin B-mercapturic acid (AFB-NAC), aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB-lysine), aflatoxin B-monoalcohols (AFB-monoalcohols), and aflatoxin B dialcohol (AFB-dialcohol)). Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) is formed by the involvement of CYP450 enzymes, not further specified. Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) is formed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Aflatoxicol (AFL) is produced by nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate reductase (NADPH reductase). Both AFL and AFQ1 can form aflatoxicol H1 (AFH1). Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug and CYP3A4 inducer, is also presented, indicating its inducing effect on CYP3A4, expected to increase the formation of both AFQ1 and AFBO (green frames) . The toxic metabolites of AFB1 are presented in thick grey frames (AFM1 and AFBO).

Article Snippet: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium (NADPH.4Na) was retrieved from Gentaur (Kampenhout, Belgium) and stored at −20 °C.

Techniques: Produced, Reverse Transcription