Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Administration of live A. muciniphila Muc T counteracts diet-induced obesity. (A) Body weight gain evolution and (C) fat mass gain evolution. (B) Final body weight gain and (D) fat mass gain. (E–H) Adipose tissue weights of epididymal (EAT), subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue. (I–J) Muscle tissue weights of tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS). Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 10–12/group). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test was applied to figure B, D, E–H. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test was applied to figure A, C. Data with different subscript letters are significantly different ( P < 0.05). The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques:

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T increases intestinal cells proliferation and markers involved in gut function. Relative mRNA expression of (A) Lysozyme C ( Lyz1 ), (B) Regenerating islet-derived 3-gamma ( Reg3g ), (C) Phospholipase A2 group II ( Pla2g2a ), (D) Intectin, (E) Trefoil factor 3 ( Tff3 ), and (F) Proglucagon across gut segments (jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon). Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. ( n = 8–12/group). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model (REML) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T affects goblet cells differentiation. (A) atonal bHLH transcription factor 1 ( Math1 ), (B) SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor ( Spdef ), (C) E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 ( Elf3 ), (D) Kruppel like factor 4 ( Klf4 ), (E) Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 ( Hes1 ) mRNA relative expression of transcriptional factors involved in the goblet cells differentiation, in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 9-12/group). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model (REML) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T affects markers of mucus production. (A) Anterior gradient 2 ( Agr2 ), (B) mucin 2 ( Muc2 ), (C–F) mucin 1/3/4/13 ( Muc1 , Muc3 , Muc4, Muc13 ) mRNA relative expression of markers involved in mucin production in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 6-12/group). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model (REML) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T affects markers of mucus secretion. (A) Resistin-like beta ( Retnlb ), (B) Autophagy protein 5 ( Atg5 ), (C) Autophagy protein 7 ( Atg7 ), (D) NOD‐like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 ( Nlrp6 ), (E) Fc gamma binding protein ( Fcgbp ) mRNA relative expression of markers involved in the secretion of the mucus layer in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 6–12/group). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model (REML) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Expressing

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T affects the expression of glycosyltransferases involved in mucin glycosylation. (A) glucosaminyl ( N -acetyl) transferase 1 ( Gcnt1 ), (B) glucosaminyl ( N -acetyl) transferase 4 ( Gcnt4 ), (C) UDP-GlcNAc:bGal b-1,3- N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 ( B3gnt6 ), (D) core 1 synthase, glycoprotein- N -acetylgalactosamine 3-b-galactosyltransferase 1 ( C1galt1 ), (E) C1GALT1 specific chaperone 1 ( C1galt1c1 ), (F–H) fucosyltransferase 1/2/8 ( Fut1 , Fut2 , Fut8 ), (I-M) ST3 b-galactoside a-2,3-sialyltransferase 1/3/4/6 ( St3gal1 , St3gal3 , St3gal4 , St3gal6 ), ST6 N -acetylgalactosaminide a-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 ( St6galnac2 ) mRNA relative expression of glycosyltransferases in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 8-12/group). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model (REML) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Expressing, Glycoproteomics

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live A. muciniphila Muc T affects mucin glycan profile. Glycan relative abundance in percentage, sialylated glycans, fucosylated glycans and sulfated glycans. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 9–10/group). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s test were applied based on data distribution. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Glycoproteomics

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: High-fat diet and live A. muciniphila Muc T affects mucin glycan prevalence. Glycan prevalence calculated by dividing the number of mice for which the glycan was present for the total number of mice in the group. Data are means ± s.e.m ( n = 10/group). Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s test. The presence of outliers was assessed using the Rout test. * P < 0.05. ND = Not Detectable.

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Glycoproteomics

Journal: Gut Microbes

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2612580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of diet and live A. muciniphila Muc T supplementation on gut microbiota diversity and composition. (A) Alpha diversity indices (Observed ASVs, Shannon, Simpson, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity) showing no significant differences between groups. (B) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) with marginal densities based on Bray-Curtis distance illustrating distinct clustering by diet. PERMANOVA confirmed significant compositional differences between CT and HFD groups, and between CT and HFD + live Akk, while no separation was observed between HFD and HFD + live Akk. (C) Differential abundance analysis highlighting ASVs significantly associated with each condition. Scaled log₂ fold changes (heatmap) indicate taxa enriched or depleted in each pairwise comparison (ASV242 = Akkermansia , ASV1137 = unidentified Lachnospiraceae ). (D) Family-level community composition showing major bacterial families across groups. (E) Relative quantification of Akkermansia muciniphila by qPCR at baseline (D0) and after 45 days (D45). Live A. muciniphila Muc T administration significantly increased its abundance compared with both CT and HFD groups, confirming successful colonization. Data are presented as boxplots (A, E) or stacked bar charts (D). Statistical significance was assessed by PERMANOVA for beta diversity (B) and paired comparisons using Kruskal-Wallis post hoc tests (E).

Article Snippet: A set of 36 mice was randomly divided into 3 groups of 12 mice: 1) CT group, fed a control diet 2) HFD group, fed a high-fat diet (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal/100g), D12492, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA), and 3) HFD + live Akk group, fed a HFD diet and supplemented daily by oral gavage with 2 × 10 CFU/180 μl of live A. muciniphila Muc T (ATCC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol, a dose previously reported as minimally effective in HFD models., , To control for the oral gavage procedure in the test group, the CT and HFD group received a daily dose of vehicle solution (180 μl of PBS containing 2.5% glycerol) by oral gavage.

Techniques: Comparison, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila Impacts Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.18.677025

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Co-occurrence of GBS in A. muciniphila negative (-) and positive (+) pregnant individuals. Values above the bar indicate the raw number of samples in each group. (B) GBS abundance represented by GBS reads in A. muciniphila (-) and (+) individuals. Box and whisker plot showing min and max. Statistical analysis was determined by Fisher’s exact test with Baptista-Pike method (A) and Mann-Whitney U-test (B) . Data points represent study individuals. ****, p ≤ .0001.

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T strain (ATCC BAA-835) was grown in pre-reduced brain-heart infusion (BHI; Research Products International) media supplemented with 0.1% porcine gastric mucin (PGM) at 37°C throughout this work.

Techniques: Whisker Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila Impacts Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.18.677025

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Aggregation of additional GBS serotypes and sequencing types to A. muciniphila was examined. (B) Aggregation of various GBS human vaginal isolates to A. muciniphila was assessed. Isolates are color coded based on their capsular serotype. Lighter color and (●) denote the GBS only mono-condition and darker color and (▴) denote the GBS + A. muciniphila co-condition. Statistical analysis was determined by Student’s T-test. Data points represent the average of independent experiments (A) or technical replicates from independent experiments (B) . Error bars represent +/-SEM. ns, > .05; *, p ≤ .05; **, p ≤ .01; ***, p ≤ .001; ***, p ≤ .001; ****, p ≤ .0001.

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T strain (ATCC BAA-835) was grown in pre-reduced brain-heart infusion (BHI; Research Products International) media supplemented with 0.1% porcine gastric mucin (PGM) at 37°C throughout this work.

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila Impacts Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.18.677025

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) 4h mono- and co-infections of human vaginal epithelial cells using GBS (COH1) and A. muciniphila at an MOI of ∼100 for RNA-sequencing analysis. (B) PCA plot displays gene counts and (C) Venn diagram compares transcriptomic changes for GBS under each condition. (D) GBS genes unique to each condition with an FDR p -value ≤ 0.05 were sorted based on biological pathways and compared to examine the unique effect of A. muciniphila . (E) Genes unique to each condition with an FDR p -value ≤ 0.05 were sorted based on biological pathways and compared to examine the unique effect of A. muciniphila . Data represent three biological replicates and differentially expressed genes with an FDR p -value ≤ 0.05.

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T strain (ATCC BAA-835) was grown in pre-reduced brain-heart infusion (BHI; Research Products International) media supplemented with 0.1% porcine gastric mucin (PGM) at 37°C throughout this work.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila Impacts Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.18.677025

Figure Lengend Snippet: Volcano plots compare the effect of +hVECs – A. muciniphila or +hVECs + A. muciniphila . (C) Select GBS gene fold changes are shown and compared between both conditions. RNAseq data represent 3 biological replicates and differentially expressed genes with an FDR p -value ≤ 0.05. Aggregation and adherence was evaluated for various GBS mutants. (D) Graph depicts aggregation at 5h for GBS WT and Δ cpsD (Hy106), Δ bp-2b , Δ bspC mutants -/+ A. muciniphila . (E) Graph depicts percent adherence (raw) for GBS WT and Δ cpsD (Hy106), Δ bp-2b , Δ bspC mutants -/+ A. muciniphila . Statistical analysis was determined using a Student’s T-test (E-F) . Data points represent the average of independent experiments. Error bars represent +/-SEM. ns, > .05; **, p ≤ .01. Panel C was created using Biorender.com.

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T strain (ATCC BAA-835) was grown in pre-reduced brain-heart infusion (BHI; Research Products International) media supplemented with 0.1% porcine gastric mucin (PGM) at 37°C throughout this work.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Akkermansia muciniphila Impacts Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.18.677025

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovered GBS CFU from daily lavage of the vaginal lumen and (B) c orresponding colonization curve. (C) Fluorescence microscopy of pooled vaginal lavage 5h post A. muciniphila treatment (representative image). Recovered GBS CFU counts from (D) vaginal and (E) cervical tissues at day 5. Murine data represent three independent experiments, n =10-15 mice per group, per experiment. Microscopy represents 3 biological replicates. Solid lines represent the median. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way RM ANOVA with Uncorrected Fisher’s LSD test (A) , Log-Rank test (C) , or Mann-Whitney U-test (D-E) . ns, > .05; *, p ≤ .05; **, p ≤ .01.

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila Muc T strain (ATCC BAA-835) was grown in pre-reduced brain-heart infusion (BHI; Research Products International) media supplemented with 0.1% porcine gastric mucin (PGM) at 37°C throughout this work.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY