Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Milk Fat Globule-EGF Factor VIII Attenuates CNS Injury by Promoting Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Migration after Cerebral Ischemia

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122833

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) BrdU (purple) and DAPI (blue) immunofluorescent staining of cultured adherent embryonic neural stem cells after 24 h BrdU exposure and treatment with a. PBS as vehicle, b. 20 ng/ml rhEGF as positive control and increasing doses of rmMFG-E8; c. 125 ng/ml, d. 250 ng/ml and e. 500 ng/ml. Quantification of the number of proliferating adherent embryonic stem cells (BrdU + ) showed that rmMFG-E8 increased embryonic neural stem cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared with PBS. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs PBS; #p<0.05 vs rhEGF; n = 3/group. (B) rhEGF (20 ng/ml) and rmMFG-E8 (500 ng/ml) increased neurosphere formation compared to PBS. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 vs PBS; n = 3/group. Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) rmMFG-E8 treatment showed significant increase in the number of neurospheres in the <0.5 mm size categories compared to PBS. *p<0.05 vs PBS; n = 3/group.

Article Snippet: Embryonic day-14 mouse striata neurospheres were purchased from Stem Cell Technologies (Vancouver, Canada).

Techniques: Staining, Cell Culture, Positive Control

Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration

Article Title: Fractalkine/CX 3 CL1 protects striatal neurons from synergistic morphine and HIV-1 Tat-induced dendritic losses and death

doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-78

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies with Cx3cr1 -/- mice: Fluorescent images and effects of Cx3cr1 -/- glia on fractalkine-mediated neuroprotection . Images of the striatum (A-C) and of mixed glial cultures (D) from Cx3cr1 -/- mouse striata. Microglia within the striatum of Cx3cr1 -/- ( Cx3cr1 GFP/GFP ) mice fluoresce green (A,B) and are Iba-1 immunoreactive (C); Hoechst counterstained nuclei (blue); scale bars = 50 μm (A) and 10 μm (B,C). Robust GFP expression is maintained when the cells are placed into culture (D). As can be appreciated from the Hoechst stain, the CX 3 CR1-expressing population is significant although the majority of the cells in the culture lack CX 3 CR1. The loss of CX 3 CR1 on glia has a dramatic effect on the ability of fractalkine to protect morphine and Tat-treated striatal neurons (E). Neurons from the striata of wild-type mice were plated onto mixed glia prepared from Cx3cr1 -/- mouse striata and followed over 48 h using our standard paradigm. In general, wild-type neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1 -/- glia appeared to be less viable than with wild-type glia (upper panel; compare gray and black dotted lines); however, these groups were not compared statistically since the experiments were not run concurrently. The neuroprotective effects of fractalkine (CX 3 CL1; 1 μg/ml) are abolished when wild-type neurons are co-cultured with Cx3cr1 -/- mixed glia. Under these conditions, fractalkine no longer protects neurons from combined morphine and Tat exposure (E, lower panel; * P < 0.05 vs. vehicle- or fractalkine-treated controls). There were no differences in survival between controls ± fractalkine. Addition of fractalkine did not change the toxicity of morphine, Tat, or morphine + Tat treatments. There is, however, some possibility that fractalkine enhances baseline neuron survival in the Cx3cr1 -/- glial co-cultures. This was indicated by significant differences only at 48 h between Tat + fractalkine versus control + fractalkine survival ( § P < 0.05), even though survival did not differ when comparing vehicle + control vs. fractalkine + control or vehicle + Tat vs. fractalkine + Tat treatments. A similar inconsistency was observed only at 48 h with morphine treatments ( § P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Mixed glial (astroglia and microglia) cultures were prepared from neonatal (P0-P1) wild-type ICR or Cx3cr1 -/- mouse striata (Charles River) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Cell Culture, Control

Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration

Article Title: Fractalkine/CX 3 CL1 protects striatal neurons from synergistic morphine and HIV-1 Tat-induced dendritic losses and death

doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-78

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of morphine and/or HIV-1 Tat exposure ± fractalkine on the percentage of microglia in mixed-glia cultures from striata of Cx3cr1 -/- ( Cx3cr1 GFP/GFP ) mice ( ‡ ).

Article Snippet: Mixed glial (astroglia and microglia) cultures were prepared from neonatal (P0-P1) wild-type ICR or Cx3cr1 -/- mouse striata (Charles River) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Mouse Assay, Control