Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Female resistance to the metabolic benefits of protein restriction is reversed by ovariectomy in mice

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.31.715667

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) ANCOVA of energy expenditure (EE) with body weight as a covariate during the 12-hour dark cycle. (B) Average EE during the dark cycle normalized to body weight. (C) Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) over a 24-hour period. (D) Average RER during the dark cycle. (E) Spontaneous activity over a 24-hour period. (F) Average spontaneous activity during the dark cycle, calculated as laser beam breaks. (G) Circulating FGF21 expression quantified from refed plasma using ELISA. (H) The mRNA expression of Fgf21 in the liver of mice. (A-F) n=11-12 mice per group, (G-H) n=3-5 mice per group. (A) Data for each individual mouse is plotted, simple linear regression (ANCOVA) was calculated to determine if the slopes or elevations are equal. (B, D, F-H) Statistics for the overall effects of diet, gonadectomy, and the interaction represent the p value from a two-way ANOVA. *p<0.05 from a Šidák’s post-test examining the effect of parameters identified as significant in the two-way ANOVA. Data are represented as mean ±SEM. Abbreviations: CTL (21% control protein diet), LP (7% low protein diet), Cast (castration), Fem (female), Ovx (ovariectomy), BW (body weight), EE (energy expenditure), RER (respiratory exchange ratio), FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21).

Article Snippet: Blood for circulating FGF21, testosterone, and estradiol levels was collected from submandibular bleeding immediately prior to euthanasia; plasma was assayed with a mouse/rat FGF21 quantikine ELISA kit (MF2100) from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and testosterone (582701) and estradiol (501890) quantikine ELISA kits from Caymen Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Inducible Impairment of Polymerase Gamma Activity in Cardiomyocytes Promotes Severe Cardiomyopathy with Cardiac Hepatopathy

doi: 10.64898/2026.02.17.706486

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Immunoblot of phosphorylated and total eIF2α in LV from PolG Mut and PolG Con mice at 30 weeks post-Tam (n=5/group), with (B) corresponding densitometry ratio of phosphorylated to total eIF2α. (C) Immunoblot of phosphorylated and total eIF2α was repeated in LV from PolG Mut and PolG Con mice at 20, 24 and 28 weeks post-Tam (n=4/group/timepoint) with (D) corresponding densitometry ratios. Expression of genes (qPCR) associated with (E) amino acid and 1-Carbon metabolism, and genes associated with folate metabolism within (F) the mitochondria and (G) the cytosol, in LV from PolG Mut and PolG Con mice at 30 weeks post-Tam, (n=9/group). Gene expression was repeated in LV from PolG Mut mice at 20 (n=5), 24 (n=5), and 28 weeks post-Tam (n=6) relative to PolG Con mice at 20 weeks post-Tam (n=5) for (H) amino acid and 1-Carbon metabolism, and genes associated with folate metabolism within (I) the mitochondria and (J) the cytosol. (K) Fgf21 and (L) Gdf15 gene expression (qPCR) in LV from PolG Mut mice at 20 (n=5), 24 (n=5) and 28 (n=6) weeks post-Tam and PolG Con mice at 20 (n=5), 24 (n=5) and 28 (n=5) weeks post-Tam (relative to PolG Con mice at 20 weeks post-Tam). Plasma protein concentration of (M) FGF21 and (N) GDF15 in PolG Mut and PolG Con mice at 3, 9, 13, 17, 20, 24, and 30 weeks post-Tam (FGF21: 3, 9, 13, 17 weeks n=4, 20, 24 weeks n=8, 30 weeks n=7; GDF15: 3, 9, 13, 17, 20, 24 weeks n=8, 30 weeks n=7). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, with P-value between control and mutant biological replicates determined by two-way ANOVA with correction for multiple comparisons (H-J: P-value compared with PolG Con mice at 20 weeks post-Tam) , unpaired welch t-test (D, E, G, K, L) or Mann-Whitney test (B, F, M, N) . Source data for these figures are provided in the Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Commercial ELISA kits for FGF21 (R&D Systems, #MF2100) and GDF15 (R&D Systems, #MGD150) were used to measure respective plasma concentration as per manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Gene Expression, Clinical Proteomics, Protein Concentration, Control, Mutagenesis, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGF21 is upregulated in serum and BALF of obese mice, and positively correlated with airway resistance. Mice were fed either a standard chow diet (lean) or a high-fat diet (obese) for 16 weeks prior to analysis. ( A ) Measurements of body weight from the lean and obese group mice. ( B ) Representative pictures of lean and obese mice. ( C ) Levels of serum FGF21 in lean and obese mice were measured by ELISA (n=10). ( D ) Levels of BALF FGF21 in lean and obese mice were measured by ELISA (n=10). ( E ) DIO mice exhibit pronounced AHR. Results showed the changes in specific airway resistance (sRaw) as a measure of AHR. ( F ) Pearson’s correlation tests results represent FGF21 level in serum of obese mice was positively correlated with sRaw (C methacholine :50.0 mg/mL). ( G ) Pearson’s correlation tests results represent FGF21 level in BALF of obese mice was positively correlated with sRaw (C methacholine :50.0 mg/mL). Data are mean ± SEM, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGF21 level is increased in serum from obese patients with asthma and positively correlated with reduced pulmonary function. ( A ) Serum FGF21 levels in lean patients with asthma and obese patients with asthma were measured by ELISA (n=20-23). Data are mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 ( B ) Multivariable linear regression results represent serum FGF21 level was negatively correlated with FEV1%. ( C ) Multivariable linear regression results represent serum FGF21 level was negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC%, n=43.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recombinant FGF21 aggravates AHR in obese mice, while Anti-FGF21 ameliorates obesity-induced AHR and inhibits mast cell infiltration. ( A ) The schematic diagram for recombinant FGF21 treatment in DIO mice. ( B ) Changes of airway resistance in DIO mice treated with recombinant FGF21. ( C ) Representative immunohistochemical images (× 400) for lung tissue sections staining of chymase. ( D ) Quantitative analysis of chymase staining. ( E ) The schematic diagram for Anti-FGF21 treatment in lean mice or DIO mice. ( F ) Changes of lung resistance (R L ) in DIO mice treated with the Anti-FGF21. ( G ) Representative immunohistochemical images (× 400) for lung tissue sections staining of chymase. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of chymase staining. n=5. Data are mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. IgG: the normal IgG control antibody.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Recombinant, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGF21 facilitates mast cell activation through up-regulating cholesterol biosynthesis. ( A ) Release of β-hexosaminidase from LAD2 and P815 cells pre-activated with compound 48/80 following 24 h treatment with recombinant FGF21 (100–400 ng/mL). ( B ) Release of histamine from LAD2 and P815 cells pre-activated with compound 48/80 following 24 h treatment with recombinant FGF21 (100–400 ng/mL). ( C ) Measurement of cellular calcium concentration in mast cells pre-activated with compound 48/80 using fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM following 24 h treatment with recombinant FGF21 (200 ng/mL). ( D ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Fluo-4. ( E ) Filipin III staining of cholesterol in mast cells pre-activated with compound 48/80 following 24 h treatment with recombinant FGF21 (200 ng/mL). ( F ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Filipin III. ( G ) Expression levels of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in LAD2 cells. ( H ) Expression level of SREBF1 . ( I ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Filipin III in siRNA pretreated cells. ( J ) Representative images of Filipin III staining in siRNA-NC or siRNA- SREBF1 pretreated cells. ( K ) Release rate of β-hexosaminidase from LAD2 cells treated with siRNA and FGF21. ( L ) Measurement of cellular calcium concentration in LAD2 cells using fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM. ( M ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Fluo-4 in LAD2 cells treated with siRNA and FGF21. n=3. Data are mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Recombinant, Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: FGF21 promoted cholesterol synthesis and mast cell activation in a FGFR1-dependent manner. ( A ) Expression of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 in lung tissues. (Data from Human Protein Atlas, http://www.proteinatlas.org/ ). ( B ) The mRNA expression of FGFR1, FGFR2 , and FGFR3 in LAD2 cells. Relative expression levels were normalized to GAPDH . ( C ) Release rate of β-hexosaminidase from LAD2 cells treated with FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 . ( D ) Measurement of cellular calcium concentration in PD173074 treated LAD2 cells using fluorescent probe Fluo-4 AM. ( E ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Fluo-4 in LAD2 cells. ( F ) Expression levels of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in PD173074 treated LAD2 cells. ( G ) Representative images of Filipin III staining in PD173074 treated LAD2 cells. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of Filipin III in PD173074 treated cells. n=3. Data are mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S570000

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the role of FGF21 in obesity induced AHR. FGF21 promotes AHR in obese mice through increasing cholesterol synthesis and facilitating mast cell activation in a FGFR1-dependent manner.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse FGF21 was purchased from MedChemExpress (HY- P72651 ).

Techniques: Activation Assay