Journal: International Immunology

Article Title: Zika virus exacerbates encephalomyelitis by inducing the production of T cell-attracting chemokines in astrocytes

doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaf075

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZIKV infection exacerbates EAE. (a) Schematic illustration demonstrating the process of ZIKV infection and EAE induction by immunization with the MOG35–55/CFA emulsion in WT mice. (b and c) Clinical scores (b) and changes in body weight (c) in EAE ( n = 17) and ZIKV + EAE mice ( n = 16) over 21 days following immunization. Data were pooled from four independent experiments. (d and e) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (d) and Luxol fast blue staining (e) of spinal cord sections from CTRL, EAE, and ZIKV + EAE mice obtained on Day 21 postimmunization. Arrows indicate lymphocyte infiltration in (d) and demyelination in (e). Scale bars, 100 μm. (f–h) RT-PCR analysis of Il17 (f), Ifng (g), and Csf2 (h) in the brain tissue of CTRL, ZIKV, EAE, and ZIKV + EAE mice obtained on Day 21 postimmunization. The results were normalized to those of β-actin . CTRL, uninfected mice without EAE; ZIKV, ZIKV-infected mice without EAE. In d–h, data are represented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Unpaired t -test; ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was synthesized by SynPeptide (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Infection, Emulsion, Staining, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: International Immunology

Article Title: Zika virus exacerbates encephalomyelitis by inducing the production of T cell-attracting chemokines in astrocytes

doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaf075

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZIKV infection potentiates T cell infiltration into the CNS in EAE. (a and b) Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes, representing the absolute number of CD4 + T cells in the brain (a) and spinal cord (b) per mouse, obtained on Day 21 postimmunization with MOG35–55/CFA emulsion in EAE, ZIKV + EAE, and CTRL mice. (c and d) Dot plots gated on CD4 + T cells stained intracellularly with anti-IL-17 and anti-IFN-γ antibodies in the brain (c) and spinal cord (d). The numbers represent the percentage of cells in each quadrant. (e and f) Graphs represent the absolute numbers of Th17, Th1, and Th17.1 cells in the brain (e) and spinal cord (f) per mouse. CTRL, uninfected mice without EAE. In a–f, data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Unpaired t -test; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was synthesized by SynPeptide (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Infection, Emulsion, Staining

Journal: International Immunology

Article Title: Zika virus exacerbates encephalomyelitis by inducing the production of T cell-attracting chemokines in astrocytes

doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaf075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Astrocyte-specific TRAF6-deficient mice are protected against ZIKV-induced exacerbation of EAE. (a) Clinical scores of WT EAE ( n = 14), WT ZIKV + EAE ( n = 14), TRAF6Δastro ( n = 14), and TRAF6Δastro ZIKV + EAE mice ( n = 15) over 21 days following immunization with MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. (b and c) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (b) and Luxol fast blue staining (c) of spinal cord sections of mice treated as described in (a). Arrows indicate lymphocyte infiltration in (b) and demyelination in (c). Scale bar, 100 μm. (d) Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes representing the absolute number of CD4 + T cells in the brain of mice treated as in (a). Dot plots gated on CD4 + T cells stained intracellularly with anti-IL-17 and anti-IFN-γ antibodies. The number represents the percentage of cells in each quadrant. (e) Graphs represent the absolute numbers of CD4 + T, Th17, Th1, and Th17.1 cells in the brain. CTRL, uninfected mice without EAE. Data are pooled from two independent experiments in (a). Data are representative of two independent experiments in (b–e). Graphs represent mean ± SD. Unpaired t -test; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05; N.S., not significant.

Article Snippet: The MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was synthesized by SynPeptide (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Emulsion, Staining

Journal: International Immunology

Article Title: Zika virus exacerbates encephalomyelitis by inducing the production of T cell-attracting chemokines in astrocytes

doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaf075

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZIKV-induced exacerbation of EAE is abolished in CCR2-deficient mice (a) clinical scores of uninfected WT ( n = 11), ZIKV-infected WT ( n = 11), uninfected CCR2-deficient ( n = 13), ZIKV-infected CCR2-deficient ( n = 13), uninfected CCR6-deficient ( n = 14), and ZIKV-infected CCR6-deficient mice ( n = 14) over 21 days following immunization with MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. (b and c) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (b) and Luxol fast blue staining (c) of spinal cord sections from treated mice as described in (a). The arrows indicate lymphocyte infiltration in (b) and demyelination in (c). Scale bars, 100 μm. (d) Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes representing the absolute number of CD4 + T cells in the brain obtained on Day 21 postimmunization with the MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. CD4 + T cells were intracellularly stained with anti-IL-17 and anti-IFN-γ antibodies. The numbers of CD4 + T, Th17, Th1, and Th17.1 cells in the brain are represented. Data were pooled from two independent experiments in (a). Data are representative of two independent experiments in (b–d). The graphs represent mean and SD values. Unpaired t -test; ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05; N.S., not significant.

Article Snippet: The MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was synthesized by SynPeptide (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Infection, Emulsion, Staining

Journal: International Immunology

Article Title: Zika virus exacerbates encephalomyelitis by inducing the production of T cell-attracting chemokines in astrocytes

doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaf075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Propagermanium efficiently suppresses the exacerbation of EAE by ZIKV infection. (a) Clinical scores of uninfected control ( n = 11), ZIKV-infected control ( n = 14), uninfected PG-administered ( n = 10), and ZIKV-infected PG-administered mice ( n = 11) over a period of 21 days following immunization with MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. Starting the day prior to MOG immunization, a daily oral dose of 5 mg/kg PG in 200 μl PBS was administered. The control group received 200 μl of PBS as the vehicle. (b and c) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (b) and Luxol fast blue staining (c) of spinal cord sections from treated mice, as in (a). Arrows indicate lymphocyte infiltration in (b) and demyelination in (c). Scale bars, 100 μm. (d) Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes, representing the absolute number of CD4 + T cells in the brain of mice as treated in (a). CD4 + T cells were stained intracellularly with anti-IL-17 and anti-IFN-γ antibodies. The numbers of CD4 + T, Th17, Th1, and Th17.1 cells in the brain are shown. CTRL, uninfected mice with EAE. PG (+), PG-administered mice. Data were pooled from two independent experiments in (a) and two independent experiments in (b–d). The graphs represent mean and SD values. Unpaired t -test; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05; N.S., not significant.

Article Snippet: The MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was synthesized by SynPeptide (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Infection, Control, Emulsion, Staining

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: TRIM21 promotes astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilizing RGMa via K33-linked ubiquitination

doi: 10.1186/s12974-026-03769-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: RGMa is upregulated in MS patients and EAE mice and localizes to astrocytes. A RGMa levels in peripheral blood samples from MS patients (n = 117) and controls (n = 50), as quantified by ELISA. B Schematic depicting the time course of MOG35-55-induced EAE in the murine model. C Clinical scores of EAE mice following immunization with MOG35-55 peptide (n = 12). D Representative Western blot analysis of RGMa protein expression in brain lysates from EAE mice at 28 dpi (n = 5). E Corresponding Western blot analysis of RGMa expression in spinal cord lysates from EAE mice at 28 dpi (n = 5). F Quantitative assessment of RGMa protein expression in brain lysates, normalized to GAPDH (n = 5). G Quantification of RGMa expression in spinal cord lysates, normalized to GAPDH (n = 5). H Immunofluorescence analysis illustrating the spatial distribution and co-localization of RGMa (red) with the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, green) in brain and lumbar spinal cord sections between control and EAE mice at 28 dpi (n = 5). Note: IgG isotype controls confirmed staining specificity (Fig. S2). Scale bar, 50 µm. DAPI, 4',6-Diamidino-2'-phenylindole. I Inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 in primary astrocytes at 24 hours after lentivirus-mediated overexpression of RGMa or vector control

Article Snippet: After 10 days of induction with MOG35-55 by which time mice gradually exhibited tail weakness, the mice were randomly assigned to receive daily intraperitoneal injections of either Quisinostat (HY-12726, MedChemExpress, USA) at 10 mg/kg or an equal volume of vehicle control for 2 weeks.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Control, Staining, Over Expression, Plasmid Preparation