Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for transdermal delivery of naringin-loaded PEGylated terpesomes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100527

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of developed NRG formulation and comparison free NRG. Comparison of paw volume(a), and paw diameter(b). Abbreviations: GI (healthy negative control), GII (RA model, untreated), GIII (treated with Naringin gel containing 2% w /w HPMC), GIV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes in gel with 2% w/w HPMC), and GV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes incorporated in Hyaluronic acid microneedles).

Article Snippet: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; K4M) was supplied by Dow Chemical Company in Midland, MI.

Techniques: Drug discovery, Formulation, Comparison, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for transdermal delivery of naringin-loaded PEGylated terpesomes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100527

Figure Lengend Snippet: X-ray radiographic of ankle joints of hind legs from different animal groups. Negative control rats show a normal structure of the joint; the Positive control group shows the induced arthritis with swelling of soft tissue on the hind paw (red circle), joint destruction, bone erosion, and deformities. Abbreviations: GI (healthy negative control), GII (RA model, untreated), GIII (treated with Naringin gel containing 2% w/w HPMC), GIV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes in gel with 2% w/w HPMC), and GV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes incorporated in Hyaluronic acid microneedles). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; K4M) was supplied by Dow Chemical Company in Midland, MI.

Techniques: Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for transdermal delivery of naringin-loaded PEGylated terpesomes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100527

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of different treatments on inflammatory biomarkers measured by ELISA: (a) mTOR, (b) IL-1β, (c) Lipid peroxidation (LPO, ex-pressed as MDA levels), (d) MMP3, (e) TNF-α, (f) NF-KB, (g) IL-6,qPCR expression gene 88 (MYD88)(h), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP)(i), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)(j). Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 10). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, and ns (not significant) versus the control group. Abbreviations: GI (healthy negative control), GII (RA model, untreated), GIII (treated with Naringin gel containing 2% w/w HPMC), GIV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes in gel with 2% w/w HPMC), and GV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes incorporated in Hyaluronic acid microneedles).

Article Snippet: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; K4M) was supplied by Dow Chemical Company in Midland, MI.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing, Control, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for transdermal delivery of naringin-loaded PEGylated terpesomes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100527

Figure Lengend Snippet: H&E histological assessment (a) and quantitative scoring of cartilage surface damage (b), cellularity loss (c), and tidemark integrity (d) in CFA-induced RA rats treated GI (healthy negative control), GII (RA model, untreated), GIII (treated with Naringin gel containing 2% w/w HPMC), GIV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes in gel with 2% w/w HPMC), and GV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes incorporated in Hyaluronic acid microneedles). H&E, X:100 scale bar 100 μm & X:400 bar 50 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 10). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 versus the negative.

Article Snippet: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; K4M) was supplied by Dow Chemical Company in Midland, MI.

Techniques: Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch for transdermal delivery of naringin-loaded PEGylated terpesomes in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation TGF-β1, oxidative stress, and inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100527

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a)Immunohistochemical photomicrographs of lung sections stained for Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) expression in different groups. Severe positive TGF-β expression is indicated in neoplastic cells (arrows). Group assignments: GI (healthy negative control), GII (RA model, untreated), GIII (treated with Naringin gel containing 2% w/w HPMC), GIV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes in gel with 2% w/w HPMC), and GV (treated with Naringin-loaded terpesomes incorporated in Hyaluronic acid microneedles). (b) Quantitative analysis of TGF-β immunoreactivity, presented as reaction area percentage (%) IHC counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin—low magnification X: 100 bar 100 μ and high magnification 400 bar 50 μ. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 10). **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 versus the negative control group.

Article Snippet: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; K4M) was supplied by Dow Chemical Company in Midland, MI.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Negative Control