Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP exerts cytotoxicity in TNBC cells. (A) Chemical structure of CEP. (B) CEP inhibited TNBC cell viability. The effect of CEP treatment on TNBC cell viability after 24, 48 and 72 h. (C) CEP inhibited clonogenicity of MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells. n=3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. control. CEP, cepharanthine; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Flow cytometric quantification of apoptosis induced by CEP in (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) Hs578T cells (n=3; 48 h). **P<0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. control. CEP, cepharanthine; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP induces ΔΨm loss in triple-negative breast cancer cells. (A) MDA-MB-231 (10 µM; n=3; 24 h) and (B) Hs578T cells (4 µM; n=3; 24 h). Scale bar, 100 µM. CEP, cepharanthine.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP upregulates NOXA and downregulates Bcl-2 expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells. CEP upregulated NOXA and downregulated Bcl-2 expression in (A) MDA-MB-231 cells (n=3; 24 h) and (B) Hs578T cells (n=3; 24 h). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. control. CEP, cepharanthine; NOXA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proteomic profiling of MDA-MB-231 cells following CEP treatment. (A) The 20 most significantly downregulated Gene Ontology cellular components with CEP treatment. (B) Significantly downregulated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways with CEP treatment. CEP, cepharanthine.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP treatment activates TFEB in triple-negative breast cancer cells. (A) CEP triggers TFEB nuclear translocation in MDA-MB-231 cells (10 µM; 24 h). (B) CEP triggers TFEB nuclear translocation in Hs578T cells (4 µM; 24 h). Scale bar, 25 µm; n=5. **P<0.01 vs. control. TFEB, transcription factor EB; CEP, cepharanthine.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Translocation Assay, Control

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP does not induce LMP, increase lysosomal pH or destabilize lysosomal membrane-bound enzymes in triple-negative breast cancer cells. (A) CEP does not induce LMP, as evidenced by a dispersion of dextran, in MDA-MB-231 (10 µM; 24 h) and Hs578T cells (4 µM; 24 h). Scale bar, 25 µm. (B) CEP does not elevate lysosomal pH in the MDA-MB-231 (10 µM; 24 h) and Hs578T cell lines (4 µM; 24 h). Scale bar, 25 µm. (C) CEP does not induce lysosomal membrane-bound enzymes degradation in the MDA-MB-231 (10 µM; n=3; 24 h) and Hs578T cell lines (4 µM; n=3; 24 h). CEP, cepharanthine; ASAH1, acid ceramidase; SMPD1, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Membrane, Dispersion

Journal: Molecular Medicine Reports

Article Title: Cepharanthine inhibits lysosomes and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/mmr.2026.13899

Figure Lengend Snippet: CEP binds to and inhibits lysosomal enzymes. (A) Structurally altered peptides in the MDA-MB-231 cell line upon CEP treatment (10 µM, 1 h; FC >1.5 or <0.667, false discovery rate <1, P<0.01; n=3). (B) CEP treatment suppresses the maturation of CTSB and CTSD (24 h). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. control. CEP, cepharanthine; FC, fold change; CTSD, cathepsin D; CTSB, cathepsin B; pro-CTSB pro-cathepsin B; pro-CTSD, pro-cathepsin D; i-CTSB, inactive cathepsin B; m-CTSB, mature cathepsin B; m-CTSD, mature cathepsin D.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 (cat. no. CL-0150; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and Hs578T (cat. no. CL-0114; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium (cat. no. C11965500BT; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (cat. no. 15140122; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Techniques: Control

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Protocol for enhancing CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing using histone deacetylase inhibition and engineered virus-like particle delivery

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104493

Figure Lengend Snippet: FAME-CRISPR improves CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing efficiency through HDACi mediated chromatin relaxation and precise eVLP delivery (A) shows a brief schematic of the major steps required to improve editing efficacy using FAME-CRISPR workflow. (B), (C), (D), and (E) show representative results obtained from MDA-MB-231 one of the utilized cell lines from the original FAME-CRISPR study ([60nM panobinostat] and [1.5 μM belinostat]) (n = 3 biological replicates for all conditions, and error bars reflect standard deviation). Results and raw data for MDA-MB-231 and other tested cell lines are available in the original study and data availability statement section of STAR Protocols.

Article Snippet: MDA-MB-231 , ATCC , #HTB-26.

Techniques: CRISPR, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Mannosylated graphene oxide nanotherapeutics co-delivering docetaxel and a STING agonist reprogram myeloid cells and potentiate antitumor immunity

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103086

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophage-targeted GO-EDM-DTX-Vad induces M2-to-M1 repolarization and limits TNBC cell proliferation and migration. (A) After incubation of M2-polarized macrophages with the nanocomposites for 24 h, CD206 and CD86 were quantified by flow cytometry. (B) After co-treatment of M0 RAW264.7 cells with IL-4/IL-13 and the nanocomposites for 48 h, CD206 and CD86 were quantified by flow cytometry. (C) RT-qPCR of CD86, iNOS, CD206 and IL-10 expression. (D) RAW264.7 immunoblots of STING axis including TBK1, phospho-TBK1, IRF3 and phospho-IRF3, with GAPDH as a reference. (E) CLSM images of RAW264.7 uptake of RhoB–GO-EDM-DTX-Vad (nuclei, blue; nanocomposites, red; scale bar, 100 μm). (F) ELISA of TGF-β, IL-10 and TNF-α in culture supernatants. (G) Schematic of the in vitro workflow for generating macrophage-conditioned media and assessing CM-driven tumor cell functions. (H, I) Colony formation (H) and EdU flow-cytometry analyses (I) of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with the indicated macrophage-CM. Groups: G1, PBS; G2, GO-EDM; G3, GO-EDM-DTX; G4, GO-EDM-Vad; G5, GO-EDM-DTX-Vad; G6, GO-EDM-DTX-Vad + NIR. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with the indicated nanocomposites for 24 h. The apoptosis was quantified by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining (Elabscience, Wuhan, China) followed by flow cytometry, and cell viability was visualized by Calcein-AM/PI live/dead staining (Servicebio, Wuhan, China) using CLSM.

Techniques: Migration, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, In Vitro

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Mannosylated graphene oxide nanotherapeutics co-delivering docetaxel and a STING agonist reprogram myeloid cells and potentiate antitumor immunity

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103086

Figure Lengend Snippet: GO-EDM-DTX-Vad combined with NIR induces TNBC cell death, apoptosis and immunogenic cell death. (A, B) Calcein-AM/PI live/dead staining of 4T1 (A) and MDA-MB-231 (B) cells (live, green; dead, red; scale bar, 200 μm). (C, D) Annexin V/PI apoptosis plots for 4T1 (C) and MDA-MB-231 (D) cells. (E, F) Quantification of viable and early/late apoptotic 4T1 cells. (H, I) Quantification of viable and early/late apoptotic MDA-MB-231 cells. (G, J) Dose–response viability curves after 48 h treatment with free DTX or GO-EDM-DTX-Vad in 4T1 (G) and MDA-MB-231 (J). (K, L) Immunofluorescence of CRT exposure and HMGB1 release after 24 h treatment in 4T1 (K) and MDA-MB-231 (L) cells (nuclei, blue; CRT/HMGB1, green; scale bar, 100 μm). (M) Schematic of the ICD-to-DC maturation assay. (N–P) Frequencies of CD40 + , CD80 + and CD86 + DCs after co-culture. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with the indicated nanocomposites for 24 h. The apoptosis was quantified by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining (Elabscience, Wuhan, China) followed by flow cytometry, and cell viability was visualized by Calcein-AM/PI live/dead staining (Servicebio, Wuhan, China) using CLSM.

Techniques: Staining, Immunofluorescence, Co-Culture Assay