Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characterization of LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Note: ( A) Schematic representation of the synthesis of LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( B ) UV-Vis absorption spectra of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( C ) Representative TEM images of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE (scale bar = 20 nm); ( D ) Particle size distribution of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE measured by DLS; ( E ) Zeta potential of AuNPs, LL37-AuNPs, AuNPs@PUE, and LL37-AuNPs@PUE measured by DLS; ( F ) In vitro release profiles of PUE from AuNPs@PUE and LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( G) Particle size stability of AuNPs@PUE and LL37-AuNPs@PUE in 10% FBS over 72 h; ( H ) Standard curve of PUE concentration versus absorbance at 250 nm wavelength; ( I ) Drug loading content and EE of PUE in LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( J ) Changes in particle size of LL37-AuNPs@PUE over one week; ( K ) Changes in PDI of LL37-AuNPs@PUE over one week. All experiments were performed in triplicate. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Zeta Potential Analyzer, In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Note: ( A ) Schematic of co-incubation of different concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE with Pg for specified times; ( B ) Quantification of bacterial survival after 24 h of co-incubation with different concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Survival was normalized to the Control group to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of each formulation; ( C ) Quantification of bacterial survival after varying co-incubation times with equal concentrations of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE. Survival was normalized to the Control group to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of each formulation; ( D) Representative images of live/dead staining in different treatment groups (scale bar = 25 μm) and the ratio of green (live) to red (dead) fluorescence intensity; ( E ) Schematic of PUE, AuNPs@PUE, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE treatment of Pg biofilms; ( F ) OD at 595 nm of various treatment groups after crystal violet staining; ( G ) Representative SEM images of Pg in each treatment group (scale bar = 2 μm); ( H ) Levels of β-galactosidase release from Pg cells in each treatment group; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001 between groups; all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: In Vitro, Incubation, Control, Formulation, Staining, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on HAECs cellular phenotype post-Pg infection. Note: ( A ) Schematic of HAECs treated with Pg in the presence of free PUE, AuNPs@PUE, LL37-AuNP, or LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( B ) Cell viability of each group determined by CCK-8 assay; ( C ) Representative images of EdU staining in each group (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of EdU positive cells percentage; ( D ) Representative images of cell migration in each group measured by Transwell assay (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of migrated cells; ( E ) Apoptosis rate in each group assessed by flow cytometry; ( F ) Expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in each group detected by RT-qPCR; ( G ) Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the supernatant of cultured HAECs from each group measured by ELISA; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001; all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Infection, CCK-8 Assay, Staining, Migration, Transwell Assay, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on atherosclerosis and inflammatory phenotype in periodontitis mice. Note: ( A ) Representative images of Oil Red O staining of aorta from each group (n=6) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( B ) Representative images of Oil Red O stained aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( C ) Representative images of H&E stained aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantification of necrotic core percentage; ( D ) Immunohistochemical staining for inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in aortic sections from each group (n=6) (scale bar = 50 μm), quantification of positive staining area percentage; ( E ) Levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the serum of each group (n=6); * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of ENPP2 overexpression on endothelial inflammation induced by Pg. Note: ( A ) Schematic of ENPP2-OE transfection; ( B ) RT-qPCR analysis of ENPP2 expression in various HAECs groups; ( C ) Western Blot analysis of ENPP2 expression in different HAECs groups; ( D ) Schematic of HAECs treated with Pg post-NC-OE or ENPP2-OE transfection in the presence or absence of LL37-AuNPs@PUE; ( E ) RT-qPCR analysis of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HAECs; ( F ) ELISA measurement of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in supernatants from cultured HAECs; ( G ) Western Blot analysis and quantification of PPARG expression in HAECs; ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001, all experiments were repeated three times. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Over Expression, Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of atherosclerosis in periodontitis mice by LL37-AuNPs@PUE via the ENPP2/PPARG pathway. Note: ( A ) Western Blot analysis and protein quantification of ENPP2 and PPARG in aortic tissue from each group ( n =6); ( B ) Representative images of Oil Red O staining of aortas from each group ( n =6) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( C ) Representative images of aortic slices stained with Oil Red O (scale bar=100 μm) and quantification of plaque area percentage; ( D ) Representative images of aortic slices stained with H&E (scale bar=100 μm) and quantification of necrotic core percentage; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Western Blot, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of LL37-AuNPs@PUE on vascular inflammation and lipid levels in periodontitis mice via the ENPP2/PPARG pathway. Note: ( A ) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in aortic slices from each group ( n =6), scale bar = 50 μm, quantification of positive staining area percentage; ( B ) Levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum from each group ( n =6); ( C ) Lipid profile levels (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) in serum from each group ( n =6); * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Nanocomposite LL37-gold nanoparticles with puerarin for periodontitis-linked atherosclerosis

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04204-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the molecular mechanism by which LL37-AuNPs@PUE prevents atherosclerosis in periodontitis mice

Article Snippet: For the synthesis of LL37-modified, PUE-loaded AuNPs (LL37-AuNPs@PUE), 20 μL of 0.1 mM LL37 solution (dissolved in water; MCE, HY-P1222; amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES) was added to 100 mL of freshly prepared AuNPs.

Techniques:

Journal: ImmunoTargets and Therapy

Article Title: UVB Upregulates Inflammatory Cytokines in Rosacea Cell Model by Promoting the Expression of TRPVs and TLR2

doi: 10.2147/ITT.S571037

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of UVB irradiation on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the rosacea keratinocyte model. ( A ) The proliferation activity of HaCaT cells at 0 μM, 2 μM, 4 μM, 6 μM, and 8 μM LL-37 was detected by the CCK-8 method (n = 6). ( B ) The microscopic morphology of HaCaT cells at 0 μM, 2 μM, 4 μM, 6 μM, and 8 μM LL-37 under a 40× microscope. ( C ) The secretion levels of inflammatory factors in HaCaT cells stimulated by 0 μM, 2 μM, 4 μM, 6 μM, and 8 μM LL-37 were detected by ELISA (n = 6, *P < 0.05, *P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). ( D ) The secretion levels of rosacea-related inflammatory factors in HaCaT cells after induction by 8 μM LL-37 and/or 25 mJ/cm² UVB were detected by ELISA (n = 3, compared with the control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; compared with the LL-37 + UVB group, # P < 0.05, ### P < 0.001, #### P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: The rosacea model of HaCaT cells was induced through treatment with LL-37 (Selleck, China).

Techniques: Irradiation, Activity Assay, CCK-8 Assay, Microscopy, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: ImmunoTargets and Therapy

Article Title: UVB Upregulates Inflammatory Cytokines in Rosacea Cell Model by Promoting the Expression of TRPVs and TLR2

doi: 10.2147/ITT.S571037

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of UVB on the mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4 and TLR2 in the rosacea keratinocyte model. ( A ) The expression levels of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4 and TLR2 mRNA in HaCaT cells and HaCaT cells treated by 8 μM LL-37 after 25 mJ/cm² UVB exposure were detected by qRT-PCR. ( B and C ) The protein expression levels of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4 and TLR2 in HaCaT cells and HaCaT cells stimulated by 8 μM LL-37 after 25 mJ/cm² UVB irradiation were measured by Western blot. (n = 3, compared with the control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; compared with the LL-37 + UVB group, ## P < 0.01, #### P < 0.0001.).

Article Snippet: The rosacea model of HaCaT cells was induced through treatment with LL-37 (Selleck, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Irradiation, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into gabapentin’s therapeutic role in neurogenic inflammation of rosacea

doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09662-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Schematic representation of establishing a mouse model of rosacea-like skin inflammation using LL37 and treatment with GBP (Created by BioRender); B Administration of GBP to different groups of mice and observation of skin symptoms at the end of the final experiment; C Assessment of each group of mice’s skin thickness; D Evaluation of skin redness score in each group of mice; E Overall skin condition score for each group of mice; F Histopathological assessment using H&E staining to examine skin conditions of each group of mice, with a scale bar of 100 μm and a local magnification scale bar of 25 μm; G Analysis of inflammatory cell infiltration in different groups. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Comparisons among multiple groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post-hoc tests with Dunnett’s T3 and LSD-t methods. For animal experiments, n = 5. Statistical significance was defined as ns P > 0.05; *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg), the mice were subcutaneously injected with 40 μL of 320 μM LL37 (HY-P1222, MCE) twice a day for two days, wild-type mice were used as controls.

Techniques: Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into gabapentin’s therapeutic role in neurogenic inflammation of rosacea

doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09662-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Collection of skin tissue from various groups of mice for transcriptome high-throughput sequencing (Created by BioRender); B Volcano plot analysis of DEGs between the Ctrl group and LL37 group from high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, where blue dots represent downregulated genes, red dots depict upregulated genes, and gray dots indicate insignificant genes, n = 3; C Differential gene analysis between LL37 and GBP groups by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, with blue dots representing downregulated genes, red dots indicating upregulated genes, and gray dots showing insignificant genes, n = 3; D PCA analysis of differential genes between Ctrl, LL37, and GBP groups; E Venn diagram analysis of differential genes between Ctrl, LL37, and GBP groups, with blue circle representing genes differentially expressed in Ctrl and LL37 groups, and red circle indicating genes differentially expressed in LL37 and GBP groups; F Heat map showing the expression of selected inflammatory factors in the intersecting genes.

Article Snippet: Anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg), the mice were subcutaneously injected with 40 μL of 320 μM LL37 (HY-P1222, MCE) twice a day for two days, wild-type mice were used as controls.

Techniques: Next-Generation Sequencing, High Throughput Screening Assay, Sequencing, Expressing

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into gabapentin’s therapeutic role in neurogenic inflammation of rosacea

doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09662-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: A KEGG and GO analyses reveal the upregulated DEGs controlling biological pathways in the LL37 and GBP groups; B KEGG and GO analyses show the downregulated DEGs controlling biological pathways in the LL37 and GBP groups; C , D GSEA analysis indicates the expression pattern of inflammatory factors regulated by Neuroinflammation and Glutamatergic Signaling; E , F GSEA analysis shows the expression pattern of inflammatory factors regulated by the NF-κB Signaling pathway.

Article Snippet: Anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg), the mice were subcutaneously injected with 40 μL of 320 μM LL37 (HY-P1222, MCE) twice a day for two days, wild-type mice were used as controls.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Patients with Dermatomyositis

doi: 10.3390/ijms27010315

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence confocal image of a muscle biopsy showing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) infiltrating the muscle tissue of dermatomyositis patient. Blue represents DNA (Column 1a , 2a , 3a ), green represents citrullinated histone H3 ( 1b , 2b , 3b ), and red represents LL37 ( 1c , 2c , 3c ). Right column images depict merged images for each tissue ( 1d , 2d , 3d ). Original magnification, ×10. Scale bar 100 µm in the first two rows and 50 µm in the third one.

Article Snippet: Then, the slides were incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti–human citrullinated histone H3 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; dilution 1:750), and mouse anti–human LL37 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; 1: 100) diluted in 5% BSA.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence