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Effect of FNDC4 and FNDC5 on SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit‐mediated macrophage M1 polarisation and crosstalk with adipocytes. Effect of co‐incubation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit (100 ng/mL) with FNDC4 (10 ng/mL) or FNDC5 (10 ng/mL) on gene expression of several factors involved in the polarisation of human THP‐1 macrophages toward M1 ( NOS2 ) or M2 ( ARG1 ) phenotypes. as well as in the production of inflammatory ( IL1B ) and anti‐inflammatory ( IL10 ) cytokines in the absence (A) or presence (B) of adipocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM 40%) derived from adipocyte cultures from patients with obesity ( n = 10 per group). Gene expression in unstimulated THP‐1 M0 macrophages was assumed to be 1. (C) HMGB1 release to the culture media in macrophages exposed to ACM 40% in the presence of S1 subunit with FNDC4 or FNDC5. Statistical differences were analysed by two‐way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey's test. a p < 0.05 effect of the SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 subunit; b p < 0.05 effect of treatment with FNDC4 or FNDC5.

Journal: European Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: FNDC4 and FNDC5 Attenuate SARS‐CoV‐2 S1‐Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Adipose Tissue

doi: 10.1111/eci.70215

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of FNDC4 and FNDC5 on SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit‐mediated macrophage M1 polarisation and crosstalk with adipocytes. Effect of co‐incubation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit (100 ng/mL) with FNDC4 (10 ng/mL) or FNDC5 (10 ng/mL) on gene expression of several factors involved in the polarisation of human THP‐1 macrophages toward M1 ( NOS2 ) or M2 ( ARG1 ) phenotypes. as well as in the production of inflammatory ( IL1B ) and anti‐inflammatory ( IL10 ) cytokines in the absence (A) or presence (B) of adipocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM 40%) derived from adipocyte cultures from patients with obesity ( n = 10 per group). Gene expression in unstimulated THP‐1 M0 macrophages was assumed to be 1. (C) HMGB1 release to the culture media in macrophages exposed to ACM 40% in the presence of S1 subunit with FNDC4 or FNDC5. Statistical differences were analysed by two‐way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey's test. a p < 0.05 effect of the SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 subunit; b p < 0.05 effect of treatment with FNDC4 or FNDC5.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of HMGB1 (NBP2‐62766, Novus Biologicals, Cambridge, UK) released to the MCM were assessed by commercially available ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's protocols.

Techniques: Incubation, Gene Expression, Derivative Assay

SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in visceral adipocytes. (A) Effect of co‐incubation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit (100 ng/mL) with FNDC4 (10 ng/mL) or FNDC5 (10 ng/mL) on protein expression of adiponectin and HMGB1 expression in human visceral adipocytes ( n = 6 per group). (B) HMGB1 gene expression in FNDC4 ‐ and FNDC5 ‐knockdown adipocytes ( n = 8 per group). Statistical differences were analysed by two‐way ANOVA or one‐way followed by a post hoc Tukey's test in case of interaction. * p < 0.05 versus unstimulated or siRNA control cells; † p < 0.05 versus SARS‐CoV‐2 S1‐treated cells.

Journal: European Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: FNDC4 and FNDC5 Attenuate SARS‐CoV‐2 S1‐Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Adipose Tissue

doi: 10.1111/eci.70215

Figure Lengend Snippet: SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in visceral adipocytes. (A) Effect of co‐incubation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 subunit (100 ng/mL) with FNDC4 (10 ng/mL) or FNDC5 (10 ng/mL) on protein expression of adiponectin and HMGB1 expression in human visceral adipocytes ( n = 6 per group). (B) HMGB1 gene expression in FNDC4 ‐ and FNDC5 ‐knockdown adipocytes ( n = 8 per group). Statistical differences were analysed by two‐way ANOVA or one‐way followed by a post hoc Tukey's test in case of interaction. * p < 0.05 versus unstimulated or siRNA control cells; † p < 0.05 versus SARS‐CoV‐2 S1‐treated cells.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of HMGB1 (NBP2‐62766, Novus Biologicals, Cambridge, UK) released to the MCM were assessed by commercially available ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's protocols.

Techniques: Incubation, Expressing, Gene Expression, Knockdown, Control