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Effects of metformin on cytokine expression and ERK signaling in RPMI 2650 cancer cells in the presence of leptin. (A) Comparative cytokine array analysis of RPMI 2650 cancer cells treated with 10 ng/mL leptin alone and in combination with 10 mM metformin. 1=IL-2, 2=Serpin E1/PAI-1, 3=IL-18/IL-1FA. (B) Quantification of pERK/ERK expression levels in RPMI 2650 cancer cells treated with 10 ng/mL leptin and 10 ng/mL leptin+10 mM metformin. The expression of pERK and ERK was normalized to GAPDH expression. One-way ANOVA was performed (n=3). Data are presented as the group mean±standard deviation. ** P <0.01, *** P <0.005, and **** P <0.001. ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; pERK, phosphorylated ERK; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Journal: Preventive Nutrition and Food Science

Article Title: Antitumor Effects of Metformin in Squamous Cell Carcinoma under Leptin Treatment Conditions

doi: 10.3746/pnf.2025.30.4.312

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of metformin on cytokine expression and ERK signaling in RPMI 2650 cancer cells in the presence of leptin. (A) Comparative cytokine array analysis of RPMI 2650 cancer cells treated with 10 ng/mL leptin alone and in combination with 10 mM metformin. 1=IL-2, 2=Serpin E1/PAI-1, 3=IL-18/IL-1FA. (B) Quantification of pERK/ERK expression levels in RPMI 2650 cancer cells treated with 10 ng/mL leptin and 10 ng/mL leptin+10 mM metformin. The expression of pERK and ERK was normalized to GAPDH expression. One-way ANOVA was performed (n=3). Data are presented as the group mean±standard deviation. ** P <0.01, *** P <0.005, and **** P <0.001. ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; pERK, phosphorylated ERK; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Article Snippet: The supernatant from RPMI 2650 cancer cells was used in the human cytokine array kit (R&D Systems) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Standard Deviation