Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The EID50 data of each recombinant and wild-type viruses in SPF chicken embryos. (B) Allantoic fluid was clarified, and separated by SDS-PAGE on a 10% polyacrylamide gel and the HA protein was stained by Western blotting to visualize the results. (C) To evaluate the growth kinetics of recombinant viruses in SPF chicken embryos. 0.1 mL of H9N2(HA+NA)/PR8, H9N2(HA+NA+M+PB1)/PR8, and FZ1 virus with the pathogen at a dose of 104.0 EID50 were inoculated into the allantoic cavities of 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos, respectively. The allantoic fluid was collected every 6 h and the titers of all samples were detected by HA assay. The mean and standard errors are shown from 3 independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Recombinant, SDS Page, Staining, Western Blot, Hemagglutination Assay

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical scores during the 14-day observation period in chickens experimentally infected with H9N2(HA+NA)/PR8, H9N2(HA+NA+M+PB1)/PR8, wild-type virus, or the control. The indications for the clinical signs scores comprising sneezing (1 point), head-shaking (1 point), mouth breathing (1 point), ruffled feathers (2 points), and no activity or decreased alertness (2 points). Data were statistically evaluated by 1-way ANOVA test adjusted for post hoc analysis, followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. The error bar indicates standard deviation. Statistical significance was considered as follows: highly significant at P < 0.01 (**), and very highly significant at P < 0.001 (***).

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Infection, Activity Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tracheal lesions in 1-wk-old SPF birds inoculated with 106.0 EID50 of H9N2(HA+NA)/PR8, H9N2(HA+NA+M+PB1)/PR8, and FZ1 in 0.2 mL, via the intraocular and intranasal routes in 3- and 5-day postinfection.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: One-wk-old SPF birds were vaccinated with 108.0 EID50 H9N2(HA+NA)/PR8, H9N2(HA+NA+M+PB1)/PR8, and wild-type virus (FZ1) inactivated vaccines in 0.3 mL, via the hypodermic route, and the serum was separated at 7-, 14-, and 21-days postvaccination. HI titers in sera were determined. Bars indicate means ± standard deviations. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 indicate significant, highly significant and very highly significant differences from the Group C, respectively.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tracheal lesions of groups at 5-day postchallenge. Group of birds were immunized with each vaccine were inoculated with 106.0 EID50 of wild-type strain (H9N2) in 0.2 mL, via the intraocular and intranasal routes. (A) Group A, (B) Group B, (C) Group C, (D) Group D, (E) Control-H9N2 group.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immunogenicity of recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on representative viruses of Southeast China

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102625

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective efficacy of different inactivated vaccines in SPF chickens.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: anti-H9N2-HA (11229-RP02, Sino Biological, Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: A Novel PLGA-based nano-adjuvant augments mucosal and systemic immunity in chicks through intestinal targeting and IgA production

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106641

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA, (B) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of freeze-dried PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA, (C) Stability photographs, (D) Particle size change graph, (E) Zeta potential and PDI variation graph, (F) Loading efficiency of LSP, RA, and H9N2 in PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA, (G) In vitro release profile of H9N2.

Article Snippet: The H9N2 antigen (Luoyang Pulike, China) was mixed with the adjuvants PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA, PEI-RA-PLGA, LSP, and Alum (Thermo, USA) at a volume ratio of 1:3 and shaken on a shaker for 30 minutes to prepare PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA/H9N2, PEI-LSP-PLGA/H9N2, LSP/H9N2, and Alum/H9N2.

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Zeta Potential Analyzer, In Vitro

Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: A Novel PLGA-based nano-adjuvant augments mucosal and systemic immunity in chicks through intestinal targeting and IgA production

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106641

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Effects of different experimental groups on H9N2-IgG and H9N2-IgA content on chickens, (B) Effects of different experimental groups of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ secretion on chickens. a-e Superscript different significant difference ( P < 0.05), n = 5.

Article Snippet: The H9N2 antigen (Luoyang Pulike, China) was mixed with the adjuvants PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA, PEI-RA-PLGA, LSP, and Alum (Thermo, USA) at a volume ratio of 1:3 and shaken on a shaker for 30 minutes to prepare PEI-LSP-RA-PLGA/H9N2, PEI-LSP-PLGA/H9N2, LSP/H9N2, and Alum/H9N2.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of multiple avian influenza virus antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06101-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Electrochemical immunosensors for detection of avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2), their hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, or peptides derived from the hemagglutinin proteins.

Article Snippet: One mole of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer was obtained from Tech & Innovation (South Korea), dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (South Korea), and phosphate-buffered saline (1 × PBS, pH 7.4) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (USA); influenza A H5N1 HA polyclonal antibody (pAb) (Rabbit pAb, 11048-RP02), influenza A H7N9 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 40103-RP01), influenza A H9N2 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 11229-RP02), influenza A H5N1 HA proteins (A/Anhui/1/2005, 11048-V08H4), influenza A H7N9 HA proteins (A/Shanghai/1/2013, 40104-V08H), and influenza A H9N2 HA proteins (A/Hong Kong/35820/2009, 40174-V08B) were purchased from Sino Biological Inc. (China).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Labeling, Fluorescence

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of multiple avian influenza virus antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06101-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential pulse voltammograms of different concentrations of hemagglutinin antigens of the influenza virus (A) H5N1, (B) H7N9, and (C) H9N2 subtypes. (D) Calibration graphs of hemagglutinin antigens of influenza virus H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 for the detection range from 100 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml. The error bars represent the standard deviations of three independent measurements.

Article Snippet: One mole of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer was obtained from Tech & Innovation (South Korea), dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (South Korea), and phosphate-buffered saline (1 × PBS, pH 7.4) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (USA); influenza A H5N1 HA polyclonal antibody (pAb) (Rabbit pAb, 11048-RP02), influenza A H7N9 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 40103-RP01), influenza A H9N2 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 11229-RP02), influenza A H5N1 HA proteins (A/Anhui/1/2005, 11048-V08H4), influenza A H7N9 HA proteins (A/Shanghai/1/2013, 40104-V08H), and influenza A H9N2 HA proteins (A/Hong Kong/35820/2009, 40174-V08B) were purchased from Sino Biological Inc. (China).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of multiple avian influenza virus antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06101-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Differential pulse voltammograms and (B) peak currents of three BSA/Ab/COOH-CNT/CNT-PDMS electrodes of the proposed immunosensors after 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{\mu l}$$\end{document} μ l of 1 × PBS containing 10 ng/ml of H5N1 HA and 10 ng/ml of H9N2 HA was injected and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. (C) Selectivity of the immunosensors (H9N2-Ab functionalized electrodes) for influenza virus H9N2 hemagglutinin antigen detection. The test included 1 × PBS only, ten-fold diluted human serum only, non-targets (H5N1 HA, H1N1 virus, and MS2 bacteriophage) in 1 × PBS, and targets in 1 × PBS or ten-fold diluted human serum. (D) Reproducibility of the immunosensors (H5N1-Ab functionalized electrodes) using H5N1 HA antigen (concentration: 100 ng/ml). The error bars represent the standard deviations of three independent measurements.

Article Snippet: One mole of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer was obtained from Tech & Innovation (South Korea), dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (South Korea), and phosphate-buffered saline (1 × PBS, pH 7.4) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (USA); influenza A H5N1 HA polyclonal antibody (pAb) (Rabbit pAb, 11048-RP02), influenza A H7N9 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 40103-RP01), influenza A H9N2 HA pAb (Rabbit pAb, 11229-RP02), influenza A H5N1 HA proteins (A/Anhui/1/2005, 11048-V08H4), influenza A H7N9 HA proteins (A/Shanghai/1/2013, 40104-V08H), and influenza A H9N2 HA proteins (A/Hong Kong/35820/2009, 40174-V08B) were purchased from Sino Biological Inc. (China).

Techniques: Injection, Incubation, Concentration Assay